The Clinicians' Guide to Large Language Models: A General Perspective With a Focus on Hallucinations.

Large language models (LLMs) are artificial intelligence tools that have the prospect of profoundly changing how we practice all aspects of medicine. Considering the incredible potential of LLMs in medicine and the interest of many health care stakeholders for implementation into routine practice, it is therefore essential that clinicians be aware of the basic risks associated with the use of these models. Namely, a significant risk associated with the use of LLMs is their potential to create hallucinations.

Value Propositions for Digital Shared Medication Plans to Boost Patient-Health Care Professional Partnerships: Co-Design Study.

Background: Health authorities worldwide have invested in digital technologies to establish robust information exchange systems for improving the safety and efficiency of medication management. Nevertheless, inaccurate medication lists and information gaps are common, particularly during care transitions, leading to avoidable harm, inefficiencies, and increased costs. Besides fragmented health care processes, the inconsistent incorporation of patient-driven changes contributes to these problems.

The Use of Acellular Dermal Matrix May Not Increase 30-Day Complications in Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction: A Multi-institutional Analysis of 10,177 Cases.

Background: Direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction offers immediate aesthetic and psychological benefits, but the role of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) remains debated. Using a multi-institutional database, this study evaluates and compares outcomes between ADM-assisted and non-ADM DTI procedures.

Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2008 to 2022 was queried to identify female patients who underwent DTI breast reconstruction for oncological purposes.

Comparative assessment of exposure tools to estimate pesticide concentrations in rice paddies: a discussion of the Brazilian context.

Estimating pesticide concentrations in paddy rice systems is challenging due to unique cultivation methods and water management practices. Various models, ranging from simple exposure calculators to complex scenario-dependent tools, have been developed globally to address this issue (PADDY, MED-Rice, RICEWQ, PFAM). In Brazil, pesticides are used in paddy rice production, and there is a potential risk of these compounds reaching waterbodies.

The European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Fourth report: Focus on standardized outcome ratios.

Objectives: This fourth report aimed to provide insights into patient characteristics, outcomes, and standardized outcome ratios of patients implanted with durable Mechanical Circulatory Support across participating centers in the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) registry.

Methods: All registered patients receiving durable mechanical circulatory support up to August 2024 were included. Expected number of events were predicted using penalized logistic regression.

Highly deformable flapping membrane wings suppress the leading edge vortex in hover to perform better.

Airborne insects generate a leading edge vortex when they flap their wings. This coherent vortex is a low-pressure region that enhances the lift of flapping wings compared to fixed wings. Insect wings are thin membranes strengthened by a system of veins that does not allow large wing deformations.

EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: 2023 update.

Objectives: To update the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations for treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc), incorporating new evidence and therapies.

Methods: An international task force was convened in line with EULAR standard operating procedures. A nominal group technique exercise was performed in two rounds to define questions underpinning a subsequent systematic literature review.

Net Benefit of Early Anticoagulation for Stroke With Atrial Fibrillation: Post Hoc Analysis of the ELAN Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The net clinical effect of early vs later direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) initiation after atrial fibrillation-associated ischemic stroke is unclear.

Objective: To investigate whether early DOAC treatment is associated with a net clinical benefit (NCB).

Design, Setting, And Participants: This was a post hoc analysis of the Early Versus Late Initiation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Post-Ischaemic Stroke Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (ELAN) open-label randomized clinical trial conducted across 103 sites in 15 countries in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia between November 6, 2017, and September 12, 2022, with a 90-day follow-up.

Aspirin Plus Rivaroxaban Versus Rivaroxaban Alone for the Prevention of Venous Stent Thrombosis Among Patients With Post-Thrombotic Syndrome: The Multicenter, Multinational, Randomized, Open-label ARIVA Trial.

Background: In patients with post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), stent recanalization of iliofemoral veins or the inferior vena cava can restore venous patency and improve functional outcomes. The risk of stent thrombosis is particularly increased during the first 6 months after intervention. The ARIVA trial tested whether daily aspirin 100 mg plus rivaroxaban 20 mg is superior to rivaroxaban 20 mg alone to prevent stent thrombosis within 6 months after stent placement for PTS.

Comparative characterization of organ-specific phase I and II biotransformation enzyme kinetics in salmonid S9 sub-cellular fractions and cell lines.

Advancing in vitro systems to address the effects of chemical pollution requires a thorough characterization of their functionalities, such as their repertoire of biotransformation enzymes. Currently, knowledge regarding the presence, activity magnitudes, and inducibility of different biotransformation pathways in vitro is scarce, particularly across organs. We report organ-specific kinetics for phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, under basal and induced conditions, in two in vitro systems using salmonid fish: S9 sub-cellular fractions from brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were compared with rainbow trout cell lines.

What Next for the Science of Patient Preference? Interoperability, Standardization, and Transferability.

Using patient preference information (PPI) to incorporate patient voices into the drug development lifecycle can help align therapies with the needs and values of patients. However, several barriers have limited the use of PPI, including a lack of clarity on its use by decision-makers, a need for greater decision-maker trust in PPI, and a lack of time, budgets, and access to specialist expertise. The value proposition for PPI could be enhanced by making it FAIR: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable.

Assessing Preferences of Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria for Injectable Treatment Profiles.

Background: In the context of injectable biologic products approved or in development for chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), it is important to capture which treatment attributes matter most to patient and what trade-offs patients are willing to make.

Objectives: The CHOICE-CSU study aimed to quantify patient preferences toward injectable treatment attributes among patients with CSU, inadequately controlled by H1-antihistamines.

Methods: This was a two-phase cross-sectional patient preference study in adult patients with a diagnosis of CSU, inadequately controlled by H1-antihistamines.

Antiretroviral Use for HIV Prevention During Pregnancy: The Need to Strengthen Regulatory and Surveillance Systems in Africa.

HIV-prevention efforts focusing on women of child-bearing potential are needed to end the HIV epidemic in the African region. The use of antiretroviral drugs as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a critical HIV prevention tool. However, safety data on new antiretrovirals during pregnancy are often limited because pregnant people are excluded from drug development studies.

Can surgeons trust AI? Perspectives on machine learning in surgery and the importance of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI).

Purpose: This brief report aims to summarize and discuss the methodologies of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and their potential applications in surgery.

Methods: We briefly introduce explainability methods, including global and individual explanatory features, methods for imaging data and time series, as well as similarity classification, and unraveled rules and laws.

Results: Given the increasing interest in artificial intelligence within the surgical field, we emphasize the critical importance of transparency and interpretability in the outputs of applied models.

Expression profile analysis of estrous-phased ovarian tissue of high and low prolific lines of inbred Swiss albino mice.

Background: Litter size in mice is an important fitness and economic feature that is controlled by several genes and influenced by non-genetic factors too. High positive selection pressure in each generation for Litter size at birth (LSB), resulted in the development of high and low prolific lines of inbred Swiss albino mice (SAM). Despite uniform management conditions, these lines showed variability in LSB across the generation.

Pelvic ring fracture and erectile dysfunction (PERFECD) - 3 year follow-up cross sectional study.

Introduction: Pelvic ring fractures are known to be associated with complications associated with adjacent organ injuries, such as the urogenital tract (e.g. erectile dysfunction (ED), which are sometimes diagnosed in a delayed fashion.

Deep Learning Superresolution for Simultaneous Multislice Parallel Imaging-Accelerated Knee MRI Using Arthroscopy Validation.

Background Deep learning (DL) methods can improve accelerated MRI but require validation against an independent reference standard to ensure robustness and accuracy. Purpose To validate the diagnostic performance of twofold-simultaneous-multislice (SMSx2) twofold-parallel-imaging (PIx2)-accelerated DL superresolution MRI in the knee against conventional SMSx2-PIx2-accelerated MRI using arthroscopy as the reference standard. Materials and Methods Adults with painful knee conditions were prospectively enrolled from December 2021 to October 2022.

Probing London Dispersion in Proton-Bound Onium Ions: Are Alkyl-Alkyl Steric Interactions Reliably Modeled?

We report spectroscopic and spectrometric experiments that probe the London dispersion interaction between -butyl substituents in three series of covalently linked, protonated -pyridines in the gas phase. Molecular ions in the three test series, along with several reference molecules for control, were electrosprayed from solution into the gas phase and then probed by infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy and trapped ion mobility spectrometry. The observed N-H stretching frequencies provided an experimental readout diagnostic of the ground-state geometry of each ion, which could be furthermore compared to a second, independent structural readout via the collision cross section.

Exploration of the dynamics of otic capsule and intracochlear pressure: Numerical insights with experimental validation.

The otic capsule and surrounding temporal bone exhibit complex 3D motion influenced by frequency and location of the bone conduction stimulus. The resultant correlation with the intracochlear pressure is not sufficiently understood, thus is the focus of this study, both experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted on six temporal bones from three cadaver heads, with BC hearing aid stimulation applied at the mastoid and classical BAHA locations across 0.

Optimal processing of tongue swab samples for detection by the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay.

Tongue swabs represent a potential alternative to sputum as a sample type for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with molecular diagnostic tests. The methods used to process tongue swabs for testing in the World Health Organization-recommended Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) assay vary greatly. Here, we aimed to identify the optimal tongue swab processing for Xpert Ultra testing.

Temporal Genomic Analysis of Homogeneous Tumor Models Reveals Key Regulators of Immune Evasion in Melanoma.

In this study, we find that Mif expression is associated with tumor growth and aggressiveness, specifically in tumors with low heterogeneity. These findings could facilitate the development of new strategies to treat patients with homogeneous, high MIF-expressing tumors that are unresponsive to immune checkpoint therapy.

Tuning Colloidal Gel Properties: The Influence of Central and Noncentral Forces.

Colloidal gels, ubiquitous in industrial applications, can undergo reversible solid-to-liquid transitions. Recent work demonstrates that adding surface roughness to primary particles enhances the toughness and influences the self-healing properties of colloidal gels. In the present work, we first use colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) to assess the quantitative changes in adhesive and frictional forces between thermoresponsive particles as a function of their roughness.