Gut epithelial barrier damage caused by dishwasher detergents and rinse aids.

Background: The increased prevalence of many chronic inflammatory diseases linked to gut epithelial barrier leakiness has prompted us to investigate the role of extensive use of dishwasher detergents, among other factors.

Objective: We sought to investigate the effects of professional and household dishwashers, and rinse agents, on cytotoxicity, barrier function, transcriptome, and protein expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells.

Methods: Enterocytic liquid-liquid interfaces were established on permeable supports, and direct cellular cytotoxicity, transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular flux, immunofluorescence staining, RNA-sequencing transcriptome, and targeted proteomics were performed.

Mechanisms in AIT: Insights 2021.

Background: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only treatment with potential long-term disease-modifying effects for patients suffering from allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, venom allergy, or IgE-mediated food allergy. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses during successful AIT is of utmost importance and it may help to develop more effective and safer treatments.

Materials And Methods: PubMed literature review was performed using keywords such as allergen-specific immunotherapy; regulatory T cells; regulatory B cells; regulatory innate lymphoid cells; and allergen-specific antibody from years 2018 to 2021.

Mechanisms and biomarkers of successful allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is considered the only curative treatment for allergic diseases mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Currently, the route of administration depends both on the different types of causal allergens and on its effectiveness and safety profile. Several studies have reported the mechanisms and changes in humoral and cellular response underlying AIT; however, the full picture remains unknown.

Cytokine expression in rhinovirus- vs. respiratory syncytial virus-induced first wheezing episode and its relation to clinical course.

Rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common causes of bronchiolitis. Unlike an RSV etiology, an RV etiology is associated with a markedly increased risk of asthma. We investigated the cytokine profiles of RV- and RSV-induced first wheezing episode and their correlation with prognosis.

Mass spectrometry-based high-throughput proteomics and its role in biomedical studies and systems biology.

There are multiple reasons why the next generation of biological and medical studies require increasing numbers of samples. Biological systems are dynamic, and the effect of a perturbation depends on the genetic background and environment. As a consequence, many conditions need to be considered to reach generalizable conclusions.

Machine Learning Successfully Detects Patients with COVID-19 Prior to PCR Results and Predicts Their Survival Based on Standard Laboratory Parameters in an Observational Study.

Introduction: In the current COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians require a manageable set of decisive parameters that can be used to (i) rapidly identify SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, (ii) identify patients with a high risk of a fatal outcome on hospital admission, and (iii) recognize longitudinal warning signs of a possible fatal outcome.

Methods: This comparative study was performed in 515 patients in the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Specialty Voivodeship Hospital in Zgierz, Poland. The study groups comprised 314 patients with COVID-like symptoms who tested negative and 201 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection; of the latter, 72 patients with COVID-19 died and 129 were released from hospital.

Characterization and regulation of microplastic pollution for protecting planetary and human health.

Microplastics are plastic particles <5 mm in diameter. Since the 1950s, there has been an exponential increase in the production of plastics. As of 2015, it is estimated that approximately 6300 million metric tons of plastic waste had been generated of which 79% has accumulated in landfills or the natural environment.

Bipolar cell targeted optogenetic gene therapy restores parallel retinal signaling and high-level vision in the degenerated retina.

Optogenetic gene therapies to restore vision are in clinical trials. Whilst current clinical approaches target the ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, new molecular tools enable efficient targeting of the first order retinal interneurons, the bipolar cells, with the potential to restore a higher quality of vision. Here we investigate retinal signaling and behavioral vision in blind mice treated with bipolar cell targeted optogenetic gene therapies.

Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity.

Pollution in the world and exposure of humans and nature to toxic substances is continuously worsening at a rapid pace. In the last 60 years, human and domestic animal health has been challenged by continuous exposure to toxic substances and pollutants because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization. More than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced to our lives, mostly without any reasonable control of their health effects and toxicity.

Effect of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza vaccinations on infections, immune response and asthma control in preschool children with asthma.

Background: Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and influenza vaccines are administered in children to prevent infections caused by these pathogens. The benefits of vaccination for asthma control in children and the elicited immune response are not fully understood.

Multidimensional endotyping using nasal proteomics predicts molecular phenotypes in the asthmatic airways.

Background: Unsupervised clustering of biomarkers derived from noninvasive samples such as nasal fluid is less evaluated as a tool for describing asthma endotypes.

Objective: We sought to evaluate whether protein expression in nasal fluid would identify distinct clusters of patients with asthma with specific lower airway molecular phenotypes.

Methods: Unsupervised clustering of 168 nasal inflammatory and immune proteins and Shapley values was used to stratify 43 patients with severe asthma (endotype of noneosinophilic asthma) using a 2 "modeling blocks" machine learning approach.

Human and planetary health on fire.

Wildfires are increasing globally, with several recent catastrophic wildfires linked to climate change. Here, we consider the negative impact of the toxic contaminants arising from these fires on the immune system, with a focus on how wildfire pollution can exacerbate inflammatory diseases.

The abundance of Ruminococcus bromii is associated with faecal butyrate levels and atopic dermatitis in infancy.

Background: Impaired microbial development and decreased levels of short chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, is suggested to have a role in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD).

Methods: Faecal microbiota composition, abundance of selected bacterial groups and fermentation metabolites were compared at 90, 180 and 360 days of life between 27 children who developed AD by age one (AD group), and 39 controls (non-AD group) among the CARE (Childhood AlleRgy, nutrition and Environment) study cohort.

Results: Diversity within the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phylum in the faecal microbiota was lower in the AD group compared to the non-AD group.

The External Exposome and Allergies: From the Perspective of the Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.

Introduction: In the last decades, we have seen a rapid increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies. The environmental changes caused by industrialization, urbanization and modernization, including dramatic increases in air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), diesel exhaust, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), alarming effects of global warming, change and loss of biodiversity, affect both human health and the entire ecosystem.

Objective: In this review, we aimed to discuss the effects of the external exposome on epithelial barriers and its relationship with the development of allergic diseases by considering the changes in all stakeholders of the outer exposome together, in the light of the recently proposed epithelial barrier hypothesis.

Exposure to avian coronavirus vaccines is associated with increased levels of SARS-CoV-2-cross-reactive antibodies.

Background: Although avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and SARS-CoV-2 belong to different genera of the Coronaviridae family, exposure to IBV may result in the development of cross-reactive antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 due to homologous epitopes. We aimed to investigate whether antibody responses to IBV cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 in poultry farm personnel who are occupationally exposed to aerosolized IBV vaccines.

Methods: We analyzed sera from poultry farm personnel, COVID-19 patients, and pre-pandemic controls.

Role of dietary fiber in promoting immune health-An EAACI position paper.

Microbial metabolism of specific dietary components, such as fiber, contributes to the sophisticated inter-kingdom dialogue in the gut that maintains a stable environment with important beneficial physiological, metabolic, and immunological effects on the host. Historical changes in fiber intake may be contributing to the increase of allergic and hypersensitivity disorders as fiber-derived metabolites are evolutionarily hardwired into the molecular circuitry governing immune cell decision-making processes. In this review, we highlight the importance of fiber as a dietary ingredient, its effects on the microbiome, its effects on immune regulation, the importance of appropriate timing of intervention to target any potential window of opportunity, and potential mechanisms for dietary fibers in the prevention and management of allergic diseases.

Omics technologies in allergy and asthma research: An EAACI position paper.

Allergic diseases and asthma are heterogenous chronic inflammatory conditions with several distinct complex endotypes. Both environmental and genetic factors can influence the development and progression of allergy. Complex pathogenetic pathways observed in allergic disorders present a challenge in patient management and successful targeted treatment strategies.