[Physical activity measured with accelerometers].

The development of accelerometers has revolutionized measurement of physical activity, and they are used to a large extent in research and have started to be implemented into clinical settings. However, achievement of reliable outcomes requires good methodological knowledge and skills by the user. Otherwise, significant measurement errors may occur, interfering with assessment of the physical activity level in the population, group differences, associations with health parameters or effect of treatments.

[Need for improvements in neonatal care].

The medical and nursing care of preterm infants has improved over the last decades, including the involvement of parents in the daily care. Previously parents could only visit a few scheduled hours per day but today most neonatal units in Sweden strive to let the parents be the primary caregivers, with the right to stay at the unit during the entire hospitalization period. Despite this development, there is still need for a number of improvements, not only in the neonatal care but also during the complicated pregnancy.

[Integrated Community Case Management - one piece of the puzzle to achieve the ambitious global goals for child health].

Remarkable achievements have been made in global child health, with the global under-five mortality halved between 1990 and 2015. However almost 6 million children die every year before their 5th birthday; mostly due to preventable causes. Acknowledging that the clinical presentation of the sick child is complex and does not match individual guidelines of specific diseases, WHO and Unicef have developed an integrated approach for case management of the sick child by community health workers.

[Sweden introduces a new specific ICD-10 code for the disease familial hypercholesterolemia].

At the turn of the year 2018/19, a new ICD-10 code (E78.0A) will be introduced in Sweden for the hereditary blood lipid disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Patients with FH have a significantly increased risk of developing atherosclerotic disease, such as myocardial infarction before the age of 50.

[New national guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia in Sweden].

Schizophrenia affects about 0.7 % of the population and is characterized by hallucinations, delusions and reduced functioning affecting the ability to study, work and socialize. Life expectancy for patients with schizophrenia is approximately 15-20 years shorter mostly due to cardiovascular disease.

[Evidence-based methods in the clinical practice in updated Swedish national stroke guidelines].

Stroke rehabilitation has often been based on tradition instead of evidence-based methods in the clinical practice. The recently updated Swedish national stroke guidelines have emphasized the amount of evidence-based stroke rehabilitation that is expected to be implemented in clinical practice. The most important recommendations in regarding stroke rehabilitation are the early support discharge, a structured follow-up at the subacute stage for identifying unmet rehabilitation needs and high intensity task-specific training from early to chronic phases.

[Cervical cancer has increased in Sweden in women who had a normal cell sample].

Cervical cancer has increased in Sweden in recent years. The increase is 17% in 2014-15 compared to the reference period 2002-13. The increase is largest for adenocarcinoma (+ 31%) and shows remarkable differences between counties, from continued incidence decreases to increases of >80%.

[Increased knowledge on familial melanoma and the underlying genetics].

Increased knowledge on familial melanoma and the underlying genetics Approximately 5-10 % of all melanoma patients have close relatives with melanoma. 5-20% of melanoma families have germline mutations in the CDKN2A gene. Swedish CDKN2A mutation carriers have a young median age of onset of melanoma, increased risks of multiple primary melanoma and of tobacco-associated cancers in respiratory and upper digestive tissues, and also worse survival compared to non-carriers.

[Failing primary clinical investigation is common in missed hip fractures].

Failing primary clinical investigation is common in missed hip fractures Diagnostic errors in 43 patients with hip fracture handled by the Swedish Health and Social Care Inspectorate were analyzed. Diagnostic errors were most likely a consequence of insufficient initial history, examination and/or radiologic examination. The most common isolated cause was delayed examination by a physician outside of a hospital setting.

[Diagnostic imaging no answer in the diagnosis of appendicitis].

Diagnostic errors in 49 patients with appendicitis handled by the Swedish Health and Social Care Inspectorate were analyzed. Diagnostic errors were more common in young or old patients, and among patients with atypical symptoms. Adjunct diagnostic tools, such as computerized tomography and/or ultrasound examination, also have limitations as regards diagnostic precision, and should therefore not be seen as golden standard.

[Systematic analysis of diagnostic errors in patients with myocardial infarction handled by the Swedish Health and Social Care Inspectorate​].

Systematic analysis of diagnostic errors in patients with myocardial infarction handled by the Swedish Health and Social Care Inspectorate​ Diagnostic errors in 51 patients with myocardial infarction handled by the Swedish Health and Social Care Inspectorate​ were analyzed. In more than half of the cases, the diagnostic errors occurred in health-care outside of hospitals. Diagnostic errors were more common when patients presented atypical symptoms, but atypical symptoms were equally common in male and female patients.

[Acute splenic sequestration in children with sickle cell disease--an overview].

Acute splenic sequestration in children with sickle cell disease - an overview Acute splenic sequestration (ASS) is a life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). The condition is important to recognize due to the fact that it can occur with previously unknown disease. ASS is one of the most common causes of death in children with SCD and is the result of blood suddenly getting congested in the spleen, resulting in splenomegaly, acute anemia, and hypovolemic shock.

[Substitution therapy tested against amphetamine dependence].

Amphetamine dependence is relatively common in Sweden and it is the most frequently used substance among patients with intravenous drug abuse. Current treatment options are limited but recently substitution therapy with psychostimulant medication has been evaluated in several clinical trials. Such treatment is controversial in Sweden, perhaps due to the failure of experimental prescription of psychostimulants in the 1960s.

[Assessing and evaluating physical activity during counseling in health care].

To make individualized counseling possible, valid and reliable measures of physical activity are necessary. In health care, quality must be continuously secured and developed. Follow-up of life-style habits such as physical activity does not differ from monitoring of other treatment in the health care setting.

[Physical activity--new paths and choices in the recommendations for adults].

Recommendations for physical activity have been prepared by Professional Associations for Physical Activity and approved by the Swedish Society of Medicine in 2011. All adults are recommended regular aerobic and muscle strengthening physical activity. Lowest recommended dose (intensity x time) of aerobic physical activity is 150 minutes at moderate or 75 minutes at high intensity per week.

[Schizophrenia past and present--the perception of long term prognoses have changed].

Schizophrenia is a disorder that causes the individual a very high risk of premature death, a high occurrence of positive and negative symptoms and disorganized thoughts and behavior rendering a normal life in society difficult. The substantial and enduring cognitive symptom are not alleviated by medication and causes difficulties in everyday life activities. The social dysfunction is further aggravated by the isolation and lack of work that patients with schizophrenia most often endure.

[Schizophrenia is still a stigmatized disease].

In Sweden like in other countries the mentally ill, especially individuals with schizophrenia, are marginalized and stigmatized by society but also by themselves. Their close families and friends have served as informal care-givers after the closing down of mental hospitals, and open-care units have not sufficiently met the needs of the patients. Non-profit organizations and private initiatives such as the Association of families to persons with schizophrenia (Schizofreniförbundet) have played a crucial role for the well-being of patients and their families.

[Participation is the foundation of successful treatment of psychotic disorders].

Schizophrenia is among the most severe psychiatric disorders, but due to extensive research we now have evidence-based interventions that may enable these patients to live a fairly normal life.  Every decision regarding the choice of intervention or treatment should be made according to a shared decision making, meaning that the patient and Case Manager are equal parties and equally responsible for the choice. The individual coordinated care plan prepared in agreement by the patient and Case Manager should be the governing principle for the rehabilitation process.

[National respiration center support patients with tracheostomy tubes. Outpatient clinic for respiratory support in the home].

It is now 60 years since the polio epidemic in Copenhagen and the first use of prolonged invasive positive pressure ventilation. After this pioneer work positive pressure ventilation rapidly became well established. Intubation/tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation are now standard in Intensive Care Units.

[Autism spectrum syndrome replaces Asperger syndrome and autism].

Autism spectrum disorder describes a behaviourally defined impairment in social interaction and communication, along with the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. Although the etiology is mostly unknown, it is evident that biological factors affect the brain and result in the autistic clinical presentation. Assessment for diagnosing autism spectrum disorder should be comprehensive in order to cover all sorts of problems related to the disorder.