Public Health.

Background: The 2017 Lancet Commission on Dementia Prevention, Intervention and Care included air pollution in the list of potential risk factors for dementia. Air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of dementia in observational studies, but the causal relationship remains unclear. In this study, we used a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to assess the causal relationship between PM, PM, NO and NO exposure and the occurrence of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.

Public Health.

Background: Recent developments in blood biomarkers (BBM) have shown promising results in diagnosing amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, information on how these BBMs can best be used in clinical settings to optimise clinical decision-making and long-term health outcomes for individuals with AD is still lacking. We aim to assess the potential clinical and economic value of BBM in AD diagnosis within the context of disease-modifying treatment (DMT).

Public Health.

Background: A significant number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) reside independently in their homes, yet there is limited understanding of whether they receive comparable diagnostic and treatment standards for AD compared to their cohabiting counterparts. The prevalence of dementia is rising, particularly among the elderly, with approximately 150,000 individuals affected by dementia in Sweden, two-thirds of whom have AD. The national quality registry SveDem (Swedish registry for cognitive (dementia disorders) was established to promote consistent and high-quality dementia care across the country.

Public Health.

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), a proxy for cardiovascular and respiratory function, has been linked to health outcomes, but its association with cognition and dementia risk remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of CRF with domain-specific cognitive function and dementia risk, taking genetic predisposition for dementia into account.

Method: Within the UK Biobank, 61,214 dementia-free participants aged 39-70 (mean age: 56.

Public Health.

Background: Despite evidence that sex can modulate Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, whether risk factors are similarly related to AD markers in women and men remains largely unexplored. We aimed to assess how a combination of potentially modifiable risk factors are associated with cognitive and pathological markers of AD in older women and men.

Method: We included 135 cognitively unimpaired older adults (≥65 years old, 83 women; Table 1) from the Age-Well trial (NCT02977819; baseline data) with multidomain assessments of modifiable risk factors, including cardiovascular (body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol), lifestyle (complex mental activity throughout life, physical activity, diet), and psychological (quality of life, depressive and anxiety symptoms, rumination, worry).

Public Health.

Background: Current evidence links poor oral health, especially tooth loss, with impaired cognition. However, role of underlying causes of tooth loss e.g.

Public Health.

Background: The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) multimodal lifestyle intervention yielded cognitive and other health benefits in older adults at risk of cognitive decline. The two-year multinational randomized controlled LETHE trial evaluates the feasibility of a digitally supported, adapted FINGER intervention among at-risk older adults. Technology is used to complement in-person activities, for the intervention delivery, personalize recommendations, and collect digital biomarkers.

Public Health.

Background: New disease modifying treatments (DMTs) offer a new treatment paradigm in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This likely requires significant changes in patient management and need for added capacity for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring.

Method: We surveyed eight selected memory clinics in the three largest and two smaller regions of Sweden, plus one in each of Denmark, Finland and Norway on their current practice, number of patients by diagnosis and available resources.

Public Health.

Background: Cognitive resilience, the ability to maintain cognitive function despite atrophy, is an important area of research in Alzheimer Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Life-style factors such as participation in cognitively stimulating activity and physical activity are hypothesized to foster neural connections and enhance reserve, consequently sustaining resilience against cognitive loss. Here, we characterize cognitive and physical activity levels in a large memory clinic cohort with multiple etiologies.

Public Health.

Background: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has recently been highlighted as a modifiable risk factor for dementia. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations still remain unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the associations between air pollution and neuroimaging correlates in a sample of middle-aged and older adults.

Public Health.

Background: Participant recruitment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research and clinical trials is challenging. Online registries can be used to identify and pre-screen eligible participants. Additional APOE genotyping has the potential to better identify individuals at-risk for AD.

Public Health.

Background: Advancing age is typically associated with a decline in memory capacity and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is a subgroup of the older adult population defined as SuperAgers that presents excellent memory performance reflecting resilience to the typical and pathological pathways of aging . Atrophy in hippocampal subregions, key areas for memory formation, are early anatomical markers of preclinical AD.

Public Health.

Background: Lifestyle modifications incorporating a healthy diet, physical activity, brain training and health monitoring have proven effective in preventing dementia and related cognitive decline (REF). The Australian-Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention to reduce dementia risk (AU-ARROW) is an ongoing 2-yearintervention, which is the Australian contribution to the World-Wide FINGERS network. Here we report on preliminary findings of baseline dietary energy and nutrient intakes of AU-ARROW participants.

Public Health.

Background: The role of plasma biomarkers for predicting incident dementia in the general population is still undetermined.

Method: A total of 1857 baseline non-demented older adults with follow-ups within 10 years were included from a community-based cohort. Consensus diagnoses of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) were based on clinical criteria.

Public Health.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with significant environmental factors, including diet, that influence its onset and progression. While the ketogenic diet (KD) holds promise in reducing metabolic risks and potentially affecting AD progression, only a few studies have explored the KD's molecular impact for markers of AD therapeutic potential. The BEAM diet study simultaneously profiled the KD's effect on the lipidome, blood and cerebrospinal metabolome, and microbiome of both cognitively impaired and cognitively normal individuals.

Public Health.

Background: The multidomain lifestyle intervention in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) showed positive effects on health-related quality of life (HRQL) during the 2-year intervention, particularly physical functioning. Our aim was to study how these benefits were maintained over an extended follow-up.

Method: A total of 1259 older adults aged 60-77 were randomized into multidomain intervention (n = 631) or control groups (n = 628).

Public Health.

Background: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke have been linked to increased dementia risk. We examined whether high levels of cognitive reserve (CR) are associated with an attenuation in the CMD-dementia association and lower levels of CMD-related brain pathologies.

Method: Within the UK Biobank, 216,178 dementia-free participants aged ≥60 were followed for up to 15 years for incident dementia via linage to medical records.

Biomarkers.

Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is characterized by fluctuating attention after surgery and is associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). While the neurophysiological changes that underlie POD and increased risk of AD are unclear, recent data has raised the possibility that an exaggerated brain response to anesthetics may be a biomarker for POD risk and preclinical AD-like pathology. Thus, we examined whether anesthetic-dose-adjusted intraoperative brain activity is associated with POD or preoperative brain vulnerabilities (preclinical AD-like pathology, preoperative inattention) that may contribute to risk of POD (and later AD).

Biomarkers.

Background: Education, as a proxy for cognitive reserves, has been linked to dementia; however, the association between education attainment and brain health remains unclear. We aim to investigate the association between education attainment and neuroimaging based brain-predicted age difference (BPAD, the difference between brain age and chronological age).

Method: The study included 32,322 chronic neurological disease-free participants (mean age 54.

Biomarkers.

Background: Disruption in diurnal rest-activity rhythms is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, we know little about how physiology, symptoms, and biomarkers change over the 24-hour day in people living with Alzheimer's disease. In particular, we don't know whether plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration, which offer promise as diagnostic or stratification tools, vary with time of day, and whether these associate with the circadian markers melatonin and cortisol.

Biomarkers.

Background: The identification of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a significant challenge, particularly for the clinical severity of the disease. Recent studies have shown that plasma brain-derived-tau (BD-Tau) could be a promising biomarker for the identification of AD-type neurodegeneration. This study aimed to investigate the potential of BD-Tau in differentiating various clinical stages of AD, ranging from cognitively unimpaired AD to severe dementia AD.

Biomarkers.

Background: Plasma phosphorylated tau (p-tau), particularly p-tau217, has demonstrated its reliability as a biomarker for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Coming challenges in the field include determining whether quantifying additional plasma phosphorylated, and non-phosphorylated tau species could enhance diagnostic accuracy, prognosis, and improve patient monitoring by effectively staging the disease.

Method: We used a mass spectrometric targeted method to simultaneously quantify the levels of six different phosphorylated (p-tau 181, 199, 202, 205, 217 and 231), and six non-phosphorylated (0N CNS-specific, 1N CNS-specific, tau195-209, tau212-221, PNS-specific 7-14, PNS-specific 151-167) tau peptides in plasma.

Biomarkers.

Background: An accurate blood test for Alzheimer's disease (AD) could streamline the diagnostic work-up and treatment of AD. Our aim was to evaluate an AD blood test in primary and secondary care, using predefined biomarker cutoffs and prospective analyses of plasma samples.

Method: 940 prospective and unselected patients seeking medical evaluation for early cognitive symptoms were included.

Biomarkers.

Background: Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) can underlie clinical presentations mimicking Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent imaging-pathological studies have shown that LATE associates with a specific temporo-limbic FDG-PET signature that differs from the typical temporo-parietal pattern of hypometabolism in AD and may be of clinical utility for differential dementia diagnosis. Little is known about the temporal evolution of the respective hypometabolic patterns from early disease stages.