An existential model for promoting life change. Confronting the disease concept.

This paper outlines an existentially based psychoeducational model for dealing with substance abuse clients' questions concerning the possibility of successful behavior change. Clients frequently misinterpret the "disease model" as meaning that they are powerless victims of addiction. Clients' readiness to change can be enhanced by providing them with a coherent method of conceptualizing the task of rehabilitation, one that explains how change is possible in spite of the "disease model" of addiction, rather than the confusing mix of self-help, "bootstrap" philosophy and "disease" talk presented in many rehabilitation programs.

College students' perceptions of the purposes of sports.

To examine perceptions of the desirable purpose of athletics by men and women 162 college men, 84 of whom participated in intercollegiate athletics, and 190 college women, 81 of whom participated in intercollegiate athletics, were administered the Purpose of Sport Questionnaire. Applying a two-way multivariate analysis of variance to their mean responses gender was significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that men believed enhanced competitiveness, social status, and high-status career opportunities to be more important purposes of sport participation than did women.

The effect of a self-management training package on the transfer of aggression control procedures in the absence of supervision.

An aggression replacement and self-management training package reduced the frequency of aggressive behavior among four junior high adolescents identified as seriously emotionally disturbed (SED). During baseline sessions, the students were covertly filmed as they stood unsupervised in front of the school cafeteria. The four subjects engaged in aggressive behavior during 50% of the filmed intervals.

Comparison of undergraduates with older adults on love styles and life satisfaction.

In a previous study, sex differences were noted in the correlation of 215 undergraduates' ratings on Lee's love styles and their ratings on their satisfaction with life, work, and personal relationships. For example, game-playing love was positively related to life satisfaction for the 42 undergraduate men but was negatively related to life satisfaction for the 98 undergraduate women. In the current study, 215 adults over the age of 29 years were surveyed to examine whether the previous differences between the sexes held up in an older sample.

Age, ethnic and gender differences in physical fitness of middle-school children in east Texas.

This research studied the health-related physical fitness status of boys and girls in Grades 5 and 6 in a rural school district in East Texas in an examination of possible age, ethnic, and gender differences. A three-way multivariate analysis of variance was conducted with gender, ethnicity, and age as the independent variables and nine physical measurements as the dependent variables. Height was the most important discriminating physical measurement, with girls significantly taller than boys at ages 10 and 11 and with boys significantly taller than girls at age 13.

Personal incentives for exercise and body esteem: a canonical correlation analysis.

Two hundred twelve women and 93 men enrolled in physical education courses were administered the Personal Incentives for Exercise Questionnaire and the Body Esteem Scale. Canonical correlation was conducted. For women, it was determined that personal incentives for exercise have modest predictive power for the weight concern and physical conditioning dimensions of body esteem and very little predictive power for the sexual attractiveness dimension; the body esteem variates have slight predictive power for the competition and weight management dimensions of investment in exercise.

Relations of selected variables and perception of success in volleyball.

This study examined the relations of selected variables and the perceived success of 39 college-age subjects participating in a beginning volleyball class. Measures of motor trials, successful motor trials, preclass mood, perceived challenge, perceived behavior of the teacher, and perceived success were taken on 11 separate days during an 8-week class. The mean response for the 11 days was used for statistical analysis.

Analysis of body esteem of female collegiate athletes.

Scores on three subscales of the Body Esteem Scale were analyzed for the effect of group participation on body esteem. Intercollegiate women athletes from three sports (basketball, n = 9; volleyball, n = 10; and softball, n = 12) and a control group of 34 women who did not participate in athletics were respondents. Scores on Weight Concern and Physical Condition significantly discriminated between the groups.

Analysis of course type, gender, and personal incentives to exercise.

206 women and 88 men enrolled in classes requiring different amounts of physical activity were administered the Personal Incentives for Exercise Questionnaire. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance, with course type and gender as the categorical independent variables and 10 subscale scores representing incentives to exercise as the multivariate dependent variables, was completed. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to identify which of the incentives is most useful in discriminating among participants in active and less active classes or between men and women.

Social contact patterns and satisfaction with retirement of women in dual-career/earner families.

The authors conducted an empirical study in 1990 of 611 mature women in dual-career/earner families who are retired from a work position in the field of education. We test twelve hypotheses that relate frequency of contact, kind of social contact and perceived gap between desired and frequency of actual social contact to satisfaction with women's timing of retirement and leisure. Nine of the twelve hypotheses were confirmed.

Hemispheric differences in the interference among components of compound gratings.

The relationship between local/global and high/low spatial-frequency processing in hemispheric asymmetries was explored. Subjects were required to judge the orientation of a high- or low-spatial-frequency component of a compound grating presented in the left visual field (LVF) or right visual field (RVF). In Experiment 1, attention was focused on one or the other component.

Body esteem and enrollment in classes with different levels of physical activity.

Differences in self-reported scores on the Body Esteem Scale were recorded for college women and men who participated in classes requiring differing amounts of physical activity. Scores for 116 women and 38 men were compared to scores for 99 college women and 60 college men enrolled in classes requiring vigorous or little physical activity, respectively. The correlation between participation and body esteem was also examined.

Total quality management and quality assurance: discussing the differences.

Total Quality Management and Continuous Quality Improvement have become the "buzz" phrase for the 1990s. Everyone seems to be jumping on the band wagon. But what is it, and is it right for your organization? We believe that Total Quality Management is superior to many Quality Assurance programs currently in use.

Cognitive and somatic state anxiety and self-confidence in cheerleading competition.

77 cheerleaders participating in a national collegiate championship competition were administered the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 immediately prior to performance. Significant correlations were found between cognitive and somatic state anxiety, a finding consistent with previous research. Negative correlations were found between both cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence, also as previously reported.

Analysis of the effect of competitive trait anxiety on performance in Taekwondo competition.

This study examined the effect of competitive trait anxiety on performance in open- (sparring) and closed- (forms) skills in Taekwondo. 58 subjects responded to the Sports Competition Anxiety Test immediately prior to competition. Subjects were categorized into groups showing high, medium, and low competitive anxiety to assess whether differences on the variables of sparring and forms were significantly related with scores on competition anxiety, age, or gender after adjusting for the covariate of years of competition.

Aging Couples in Dual-Career/Earner Families.

The authors present results of an empirical study of 611 mature couples in a dual-career or dual-earner famil where at least one spouse is a member of The National Retired Teacher's Association and is retired. We hypothesize that degree of role-sharing will va among mature couples in this special population on the basis of sexcted personal and social characteristics. Through discriminant analysis we identify which personal and social variables best predict whether or not couples currently share roles.

Effects of self-management training and reinforcement on the transfer of improved conduct in the absence of supervision.

The instruction, maintenance, and transfer of training of social skills of 3 seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents were accomplished by a self-management training and reinforcement package. During baseline sessions these students, who were covertly filmed in their classroom, averaged over 90% off-task or socially inappropriate behavior while their teacher was out of the room. They showed similar behaviors when walking between classes, unattended by their teacher.

On the accuracy and reliability of predictions by control-system theory.

In three experiments we used control-system theory (CST) to predict the results of tracking tasks on which people held a handle to keep a cursor even with a target on a computer screen. 10 people completed a total of 104 replications of the task. In each experiment, there were two conditions: in one, only the handle affected the position of the cursor; in the other, a random disturbance also affected the cursor.

Strategic change in hospitals: an examination of the response of the acute care hospital to the turbulent environment of the 1980s.

Changes in strategies of hospitals responding to the turbulent health care environment of the 1980s are examined both in the aggregate and from the perspective of the individual hospital. The Miles and Snow typology is used to determine strategy type. Both investor-owned and not-for-profit hospitals were well represented in the broad mix of hospital types sampled.

Reliability of a modification of the health-related physical fitness test for use with physical education majors.

A modified form of the AAHPERD Health-Related Physical Fitness Test was administered to a sample of 200 college physical education majors. The skinfold measures were changed from the original test, and the flexed-arm hang was added to the test battery. The validity and reliability of the test battery has been established for middle school boys and girls.

Development of functional use of oral language in a child with Down syndrome.

A single-subject design was applied to study increase in functional use of language by a 14-yr.-old Down Syndrome girl from a mean length of utterance of 1.3 words to 4.

Varying preschool arrangements and self-concepts of educable mentally retarded children in grade 1.

Differences in measured self-concept among educable mentally retarded children in Grade 1 were examined. Subjects included 90 children randomly selected from larger populations with varying preschool experiences. An initial positive influence of preschool experience on self-concept in Grade 1 appeared to be more pronounced among those subjects exposed to nonhandicapped peers.