The Continued Implementation and Perceived Impact of an Elementary School Wellness Policy After Extended COVID-19-Related School Closures.

Background: Schools play a key role in children's health. Following COVID-19, programs that promote students' well-being are needed more than ever. This study examines the continuation of a wellness initiative in Anchorage, Alaska, in the 2021-2022 school year.

Racial and ethnic disparities in the burden of non-obese type 2 diabetes using different anthropometric measurements.

Aims: Compare racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of non-obese type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the proportion of non-obese individuals among T2D patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used ICD-9/10 codes to ascertain T2D. Participants were classified as non-obese by BMI (<25 kg/m for normal weight; <23 kg/m for Asian Americans), waist circumference (<102 cm for males, <88 cm for females), and waist-to-hip ratio (<0.

The Clinical Status of Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Reflects Their Individual Decision to Undergo or Defer Lumbar Spinal Surgery.

Objective: To evaluate whether functional, clinical, and self-reported tests reflect lumbar spinal stenosis patients' decisions to undergo or defer surgery.

Methods: Among 108 participants, 77 chose surgery (SG), and 31 opted to wait and see (WaSG) whether they got better spontaneously. Both groups were assessed at baseline (t0) and 3 months (t1), with additional self-reported measures at 6 (t2) and 12 months (t3).

Frequency analyses of postural sway demonstrate the use of sounds for balance given vestibular loss.

Purpose: To investigate how adults with unilateral vestibular hypofunction and healthy controls incorporate visual and auditory cues for postural control in an abstract visual environment.

Methods: Participants stood on foam wearing the HTC Vive, observing an immersive 3-wall display of 'stars' that were either static or dynamic (moving front to back at 32 mm, 0.2 Hz) with no sound, static white noise, or moving white noise played via headphones.

Assessing the longitudinal association between sleep, diet quality and BMI z-score among Black adolescent girls.

Background: Cross-sectional research has suggested associations between diet, sleep and obesity, with sparse longitudinal research.

Objectives: To identify longitudinal mechanistic associations between sleep, diet and obesity.

Methods: We used longitudinal data from a sample of Black adolescent girls.

Dual task iTUG to investigate increased fall risk among older adults with bilateral hearing loss.

Objectives: To investigate fall risk among older adults with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (BHL) by comparing single task (ST) and dual task (DT) performance on the instrumented "Timed Up & Go" test (iTUG). The TUG is a well-validated clinical tool for fall risk; addition of wireless sensors increases the test's sensitivity and allows for subcomponent analysis.

Methods: Adults with audiometrically confirmed normal hearing or BHL were prospectively recruited and screened for visual, musculoskeletal, neurologic, or vestibular pathology and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) < 10.

Food sources and acquisition by consumers of low income in urban neighborhoods: A conceptual framework and food decision tree.

Food decision-making among urban consumers of low income is comprised of a complex interplay of strategies, influenced by sociodemographic and environmental factors. This study was conducted in the Bronx, New York City, a borough marked by disparities and limited healthy food access. The study aimed to co-develop with urban consumers of low income a conceptual framework representing food procurement decision-making, with special attention paid to the multifaceted dynamics of food acquisition in the context of food insecurity.

Effect of a youth-led early childhood care and education programme on children's development and learning in rural Sindh, Pakistan (LEAPS): a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised implementation trial.

Background: In low-income and middle-income countries, an estimated 181·9 million (74·6%) preschool-aged children do not receive adequate nurturing care in health, nutrition, protection, learning, and responsive care, thus jeopardising their healthy development across the life course. Working alongside the health sector, multisectoral actions including social protection and education are necessary to achieve child health and development outcomes. Innovations are needed to expand access to high-quality early childhood care and education (ECCE) for young children and opportunities for youth development.

Feasibility of an Obesity Prevention Program for Latino Families from First Trimester of Pregnancy to Child Age 18 Months and Predictors of Program Attendance.

The high prevalence of obesity in Latino families with low income necessitates prevention beginning in pregnancy and continuing through infancy. Due to systemic inequities, adverse social determinants of health (SDoH) and mental health symptoms may limit program efficacy by presenting barriers to attendance. We sought to assess: (1) the feasibility of the Starting Early Program (StEP) Prenatal, a 17-session intervention beginning early in pregnancy and continuing to 18 months postpartum; and (2) the effects of adverse SDoH (material hardship, low social support) and mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress) on program attendance.

Using the phenotype differences model to identify genetic effects in samples of partially genotyped sibling pairs.

The identification of causal relationships between specific genes and social, behavioral, and health outcomes is challenging due to environmental confounding from population stratification and dynastic genetic effects. Existing methods to eliminate environmental confounding leverage random genetic variation resulting from recombination and require within-family dyadic genetic data (i.e.

The cost of not investing in the next 1000 days: implications for policy and practice.

Building on the evidence from the first paper in this Series highlighting the fundamental importance of healthy and nurturing environments for children's growth and development in the next 1000 days (ages 2-5 years), this paper summarises the benefits and costs of key strategies to support children's development in this age range. The next 1000 days build on the family-based and health-sector based interventions provided in the first 1000 days and require broader multisectoral programming. Interventions that have been shown to be particularly effective in this age range are the provision of early childhood care and education (ECCE), parenting interventions, and cash transfers.

Bridging Implementation Science and Human-Centered Design: Developing Tailored Interventions for Healthier Eating in Restaurants.

Restaurants are important institutions in the communities' economy with the potential to promote healthier foods but have been under-engaged in public health nutrition efforts. In particular, independently owned, minority-serving and minority-owned restaurants, remain under-represented in nutrition promotion efforts despite disproportionate burdens of diet-related health outcomes among minority populations. Addressing this gap in engagement, we undertook a process of co-designing and implementing healthy eating-focused interventions in two Latin American restaurants in New York City, combining the Behavior Change Wheel intervention development framework with a Human-Centered Design approach.

The Integrating Cultural Aspects Into Diabetes Education (INCLUDE) Study to Prevent Diabetes in Chinese Immigrants: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) contributes to significant morbidity and mortality for Chinese immigrants in the United States, exacerbated by social determinants of health (SDOH) barriers such as language barriers, limited access to healthy foods, and low health literacy.

Objective: The goal of the Integrating Cultural Aspects into Diabetes Education (INCLUDE) study is to test a social media-based intervention adapting the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) for Chinese immigrants alongside a culturally adapted, community-supported agriculture program. Here, we report the protocol for the INCLUDE study.

Queering critical consciousness: Measurement and implications of critical consciousness among sexual and gender minority youth.

Developmental research on critical consciousness (CC) offers insight into processes that empower youth to challenge oppressive realities. This concept has been examined predominantly among low income Black and Latinx youth. We consider how CC is relevant to sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth from different racial/ethnic backgrounds with the goal of expanding CC research.

B-cell and plasma cell activation in a mouse model of chronic muscle pain.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder with an elusive pathogenesis, with a strong implication of immune interactions. We recently found that IL-5 and the adaptive immune system mediates pain outcomes in fibromyalgia (FM) patients and preclinical models of FM-like chronic widespread pain (CWP). However, there is an active debate if FM/CWP has an autoimmune etiology.

Assessment of musical interventions and its effect on blood pressure among United States populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Hypertension (HTN) currently affects over 120 million Americans, in the United States (US). Thus, the implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBI) for blood pressure (BP) reduction is pivotal in minimizing this burden. We sought to evaluate evidence from published literature on the effectiveness of musical interventions for BP reduction within the US.

Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Parental Perceptions of and Student Participation in School Meals.

Background/objectives: School meals are an important source of nutrition for children and have been found to help mitigate food insecurity. This study evaluated the association between food insecurity and school meal participation and whether parental perceptions about school meals differ by food security status.

Methods: In May 2022, 1110 Californian parents of K-12 students shared their perceptions about school meals, including meal quality, healthiness, stigma, and benefits, as well as their child's participation in school meals, in an online survey.

Frightening maternal behavior over the first 2 years of life: effects on children's behavior problems in middle childhood.

Frightening maternal behavior is linked to infant disorganization, which predicts child behavioral problems. We examined continuity in frightening maternal behavior across the first 2 years by developing a new measure of anomalous/frightening (AN/FR) behavior that incorporates changes in parent-child interactions as children acquire symbolic representation. Maternal AN/FR behavior in toddlerhood also was examined in relation to later internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Cognitive Stimulation and Maternal Feeding Styles in Families with Low Incomes: Impacts from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: To examine associations between cognitive stimulation in the home at 6 months and maternal feeding styles at 24 months, direct intervention effects of Smart Beginnings (SB) on feeding styles, and potential indirect effects of SB on feeding styles via earlier intervention effects on cognitive stimulation.

Methods: Single-blind, two-site randomized clinical trial (RCT) of the SB intervention. SB integrates PlayReadVIP, a universal, pediatric primary care-based program, and Family Check-Up (FCU), a targeted secondary home-based parenting intervention.

Perceived Influence of a State-Level Universal Free School Meal Policy on Households With Varying Income Levels: An Analysis of Parental Perspectives.

Background: In the United States, a means-tested approach is often used to provide free or reduced-price meals (FRPM) to students from lower-income households. However, federal income thresholds do not account for regional cost of living variations. Thus, many ineligible households may be at risk for food insecurity.

Clinician and patient experiences with shared decision-making to promote daily arm use for individuals with chronic stroke: an exploratory qualitative study.

Purpose: To explore the attitudes and experiences of clinicians and individuals with chronic stroke on the use of shared decision-making (SDM) during upper extremity rehabilitation to improve daily arm use in the home environment. Specifically, we aimed to describe clinician and client perspectives regarding the facilitators and barriers to using SDM within the context of a self-directed upper extremity intervention for individuals living in the community with chronic stroke.

Methods: Data were collected within the context of an interventional study examining the feasibility of the Use My Arm-Remote intervention.