Entropion.

Entropion, or the inward turning of the eyelid, is common, particularly in older patients. The condition is classified as involutional, cicatricial, spastic or congenital. Involutional entropion is most common and typically treated with lateral tarsal strip, which may be combined with other techniques for eyelid eversion.

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This clinical review article aims to describe symptoms and findings in cases of paediatric tracheobronchomalacia to help achieve the correct diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms and signs vary from reduced physical stamina, barking cough, productive cough and gurgling to obstructive episodes or episodes with stridor, which in some cases can be life-threatening. The range of symptoms overlaps with other pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis and treatment error.

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Background: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus. The disease rarely occurs in Norway, but constitutes a significant global health issue.

Case Presentation: A man in his forties presented with right-sided flank pain.

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Good sexual health promotes quality of life and coping skills, and this also applies to older adults. This clinical review article presents updated knowledge on older adults' sexuality, normal challenges related to ageing and conjugal relationships, and sexual challenges caused by chronic diseases, adverse effects of medications, and cognitive failure. The review describes measures to improve sexual health.

[Mental disorders and symptoms with persistent opioid use for chronic non-cancer pain – a registry study].

Background: Knowledge of mental disorders among patients with persistent opioid use for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain is essential, as mental disorders and symptoms can exacerbate or perpetuate pain and impact on the ability of patients to manage their illness. We have studied the prevalence of mental disorders and symptoms, including substance use disorders, in patients with persistent opioid use in 2019.

Material And Method: Persons ≥ 18 years with persistent opioid use and persons ≥ 18 years with at least one registered mental disorder in the specialist healthcare service in 2019 were included.

[A man in his fifties with chest pain and syncope].

Background: A man in his fifties with hypertension and no other previous health problems was admitted to the hospital after frequent episodes of retrosternal squeezing chest pain, and an episode of syncope. A recent computer tomography coronary angiography demonstrated normal coronary arteries with no atherosclerosis.

Case Presentation: During admission, the patient developed several episodes of chest pain lasting five to fifteen minutes followed by non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, and initially no ST elevation in the electrocardiogram (ECG).

A young man with acute abdomen and anaemia.

A young man was hospitalised with acute abdomen and signs of pancreatitis. He became seriously ill and required surgery to address the underlying cause.

[Regional differences in the use of proton pump inhibitors in children].

Background: Physiological gastroesophageal reflux in infancy is difficult to distinguish from reflux disease. International guidelines recommend restrictive use of acid suppression therapy for infants due to the lack of documented effect, but its use in infants and older children has increased in recent years. This study aims to describe change over time and geographic variation in the investigation and treatment of suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Recurrent pericarditis.

Pericarditis is an important differential diagnosis in patients with chest pain. The two most common causes in the developed world are idiopathic pericarditis and inflammation following cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction. Recurrence of pericarditis affects up to 30 % of patients, half of whom experience multiple episodes, and approximately 10 % develop steroid-dependent and colchicine-refractory pericarditis.

Treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

In recent years, the development of new therapies and improvements in our understanding of older therapies have led to changes in the management of Parkinson's disease. However, current Norwegian and international therapy recommendations present a range of different options as being equally viable. In this clinical review, we propose an updated algorithm for the medical treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease, based on evidence-based recommendations and our own personal experience and opinions.

Problematic alcohol use in post-bariatric patients - a qualitative study.

Background: Research shows an increased risk of alcohol use disorders in post-bariatric patients. This study aims to gain insight into what post-bariatric patients receiving treatment for substance use think are the possible causes for developing problematic alcohol consumption after surgery.

Material And Method: Ten in-depth interviews were held with post-bariatric patients receiving treatment for substance use in 2020 (six men and four women).

[Umbilical endometriosis].

Background: Endometriosis usually presents in the pelvic region, but extragenital endometriosis may occur in almost every other organ. Umbilical endometriosis represents 0.5-1.

[A man in his fifties with pain in the head, neck and ear canal].

Background: A man in his fifties, originally from a Middle Eastern country, presented with left-sided otalgia and neck pain which worsened over several months. He had pre-existing hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and end stage renal disease requiring dialysis.

Case Presentation: His presenting complaints started whilst on a long stay in his country of origin.

Immediate parent-infant skin-to-skin study (IPISTOSS): study protocol of a randomised controlled trial on very preterm infants cared for in skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth and potential physiological, epigenetic, psychological and neurodevelopmental consequences.

Introduction: In Scandinavia, 6% of infants are born preterm, before 37 gestational weeks. Instead of continuing in the in-utero environment, maturation needs to occur in a neonatal unit with support of vital functions, separated from the mother's warmth, nutrition and other benefits. Preterm infants face health and neurodevelopment challenges that may also affect the family and society at large.

User perception of a new hydrophilic-coated male urinary catheter for intermittent use.

Aims: This study investigated user perception and adherence related to a hydrophilic-coated urinary catheter (LoFric® Origo™), available for male patients who practice intermittent catheterization.

Design: The study had a prospective observational design, including patients from 19 European hospitals.

Methods: A total of 416 patients were eligible for the study; 179 experienced catheter users and 237 de novo.

Right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy does not cause more cognitive impairment than pharmacologic treatment in treatment-resistant bipolar depression: A 6-month randomized controlled trial follow-up study.

Objectives: Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for bipolar depression, but there are concerns about whether it causes long-term neurocognitive impairment.

Methods: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, in-patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression were randomized to either algorithm-based pharmacologic treatment or right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. After the 6-week treatment period, all of the patients received maintenance pharmacotherapy as recommended by their clinician guided by a relevant treatment algorithm.

Fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is comprised mainly of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The prevalence of fatigue and its associations with different cofactors vary between studies. The aim of this article is to describe the extent of fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease, the factors that are most commonly associated with fatigue, and its treatment.

[Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis - a new trend?].

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not there has been an increase in the number of admissions for exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis at Stavanger University Hospital (SUS) in recent years.

Material And Method: The study is a retrospective review of patients discharged over the period January 2010 to March 2015 with a diagnosis of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and with maximum creatine kinase (CK) levels more than ten times the upper reference limit.

Results: A total of 33 patients, 21 women and 12 men, with a median age of 28 years (18 - 68), were included in the study.

[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)].

Sudden unexpected death is the most frequent cause of seizure-related death in cases of epilepsy. Those primarily affected are young adults with a long disease duration and regular seizures. The deaths are often related to a nocturnal generalised tonic-clonic seizure attack.