Drug memory substitution during re-consolidation: a single inhibitory autoreceptor apomorphine treatment given during psychostimulant memory re-consolidation replaces psychostimulant conditioning with conditioned inhibition and reverses psychostimulant sensitization.

Psychostimulant conditioning and sensitization effects have proven to be difficult to eliminate using behavioral methods. We used a low autoreceptor dose of apomorphine in counter-conditioning and memory re-consolidation protocols to modify conditioned and sensitized responses induced by a high dose of apomorphine. Rats received five daily treatments of apomorphine (2.

A novel in-frame deletion affecting the BAR domain of OPHN1 in a family with intellectual disability and hippocampal alterations.

Oligophrenin-1 (OPHN1) is one of at least seven genes located on chromosome X that take part in Rho GTPase-dependent signaling pathways involved in X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). Mutations in OPHN1 were primarily described as an exclusive cause of non-syndromic XLID, but the re-evaluation of the affected individuals using brain imaging displayed fronto-temporal atrophy and cerebellar hypoplasia as neuroanatomical marks. In this study, we describe clinical, genetic and neuroimaging data of a three generation Brazilian XLID family co-segregating a novel intragenic deletion in OPHN1.

Opposite effects of typical and atypical anti-psychotic drugs on sensitized dopamine receptors: sub-chronic low dose Olanzapine exposure reverses sensitization but a similar regimen of low dose haloperidol potentiates sensitization effects.

Rationale: Both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs are D2 receptor antagonists but yet appear to have markedly different effects upon the induction of dopamine sensitization.

Objective: This study aims to compare the effects of subchronic regimens of low-dose olanzapine and haloperidol administered to rats previously sensitized to apomorphine.

Methods: Initially, rats received apomorphine (2.

Essential role of the czc determinant for cadmium, cobalt and zinc resistance in Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5.

The mechanisms of cadmium, cobalt and zinc resistance were characterized in the plant-growth-promoting bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5. The resistance level of the wild-type strain was evaluated through the establishment of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the soluble compounds CdCl2·H2O, CoCl2·6H2O and ZnCl2. Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5 was resistant to high concentrations of Cd, Co and Zn, with MICs of 1.

Residual dopamine receptor desensitization following either high- or low-dose sub-chronic prior exposure to the atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine.

Rationale: Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists of dopamine D2 receptors and repeated administration may lead to the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sub-chronic olanzapine treatments upon the induction of dopamine receptor supersensitivity.

Methods: Rats were administered ten daily low or high doses of the atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine (0.

Post-trial apomorphine at an autoreceptor dose level can eliminate apomorphine conditioning and sensitization: support for the critical role of dopamine in re-consolidation.

Re-exposure to conditioned drug stimuli triggers re-consolidation processes. In the present study post-trial apomorphine treatments were administered in order to interact with the re-consolidation of an apomorphine conditioned/sensitized locomotor response. A low (0.

¹H and ¹³C-NMR data of the simplest plumeran indole alkaloids isolated from Aspidosperma species.

Indole alkaloids are the chemotaxonomic markers of the Aspidosperma genera. Those that have the simplest plumeran skeleton are classified as the precursors of biosynthetic routes and the intermediates for several synthetic reactions. This work aims to review the ¹H and ¹³C-NMR data, up to 2011, describing the skeleton of 35 different plumeran indole alkaloids, from a group of 46 of them, and highlight the main spectral differences amongst them.

Opposite effects of low versus high dose haloperidol treatments on spontaneous and apomorphine induced motor behavior: evidence that at a very low dose haloperidol acts as an indirect dopamine agonist.

Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists at the dopamine D2 receptors and repeated administration can lead to the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. In two experiments, separate groups of rats were administered 10 daily low or high doses of the typical anti-psychotic drug haloperidol (0.03 or 1.

Terpenoids from endophytic fungi.

This work reviews the production of terpenoids by endophytic fungi and their biological activities, in period of 2006 to 2010. Sixty five sesquiterpenes, 45 diterpenes, five meroterpenes and 12 other terpenes, amounting to 127 terpenoids were isolated from endophytic fungi.

Memory re-consolidation and drug conditioning: an apomorphine conditioned locomotor stimulant response can be enhanced or reversed by a single high versus low apomorphine post-trial treatment.

Rationale: Psychostimulant sensitization can have transformative effects upon contextual stimuli such as acquired conditioned stimuli and conditioned incentive motivational properties.

Objective: The aim of this study is to induce apomorphine sensitization and conduct non-drug exposures to the contextual cues followed by post-trial treatments designed to associate increases/decreases in dopamine activity with re-consolidation of the contextual cue conditioned stimulus.

Methods: Separate groups received five daily apomorphine (2.

Reversal of apomorphine locomotor sensitization by a single post-conditioning trial treatment with a low autoreceptor dose of apomorphine: a memory re-consolidation approach.

Sensitization is a common feature of psychostimulants and sensitization effects are generally considered to be linked to the addictive properties of these drugs. We used a conventional paired/unpaired Pavlovian protocol to induce a context specific sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effect of a high dose of apomorphine (2.0mg/kg).

Apomorphine locomotor sensitization can be potentiated by environmental change: evidence for a non-Pavlovian associative behavioral contrast factor in sensitization expression.

We investigated environmental contrast effects on the expression of apomorphine locomotor sensitization by using two arena formats (round and square) that elicited differential levels of spontaneous locomotion. Eight groups of rats received 3 daily injections of apomorphine (APO) (2.0mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH) to induce locomotor sensitization: four groups in the square arena (2 APO and 2 VEH) and four in the round arena (2 APO and 2 VEH).

Apomorphine conditioning and sensitization: the paired/unpaired treatment order as a new major determinant of drug conditioned and sensitization effects.

Repeated treatments with psychostimulant drugs generate behavioral sensitization. In the present study we employed a paired/unpaired protocol to assess the effects of repeated apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg) treatments upon locomotion behavior.

Reversal of neuronal and cognitive consequences of amphetamine sensitization following chronic treatment with a D1 antagonist.

Neuroplasticity is a key factor in restoration of brain function following neuropathology associated with disease or drug exposure. Here we examined the potential for chronic treatment with the selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH39166 to reverse the profound and enduring cognitive impairment associated with amphetamine (AMPH) sensitization in the nonhuman primate and to stimulate re-growth of atrophied pyramidal dendrites in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of these animals. Four rhesus monkeys with sustained cognitive impairment (>1year following AMPH sensitization) were treated for up to 8months with SCH39166.