Pilon Fracture: Preventing Complications.

Fractures of the distal tibial plafond (ie, pilon) comprise a broad range of injury mechanisms, patient demographics, and soft-tissue and osseous lesions. Patients often present with considerably comminuted fracture patterns and notable soft-tissue compromise. Surgical intervention must be performed with respect for the exceedingly vulnerable soft-tissue envelope and with a properly executed technique.

Online measurement of hemodialysis adequacy using effective ionic dialysance of sodium-a review of its principles, applications, benefits, and risks.

Dialysis dose is an important determinant of clinical outcomes in patients with end stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis. In clinical practice dialysis dose is monitored at least monthly by urea clearance based on Urea Kinetic Modeling. Online clearance monitoring using effective ionic dialysance (EID) of sodium (Na ) is available on some hemodialysis machines.

Practice Guidelines for Teledermatology.

Previous American Telemedicine Association (ATA) Teledermatology Practice Guidelines were issued in 2007. This updated version reflects new knowledge in the field, new technologies, and the need to incorporate teledermatology practice in a variety of settings, including hospitals, urgent care centers, Federally Qualified Health Centers, school-based clinics, public health facilities, and patient homes.

New York Citywide Colon Cancer Control Coalition: A public health effort to increase colon cancer screening and address health disparities.

Background: Although screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widely accepted concept nationally and screening rates are increasing, there are differences in screening rates between states and within states.

Methods: In an effort to increase screening rates and ensure equal access with respect to race/ethnicity, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene formed a coalition of stakeholders in 2003, with its primary focus on colonoscopy, to develop and implement strategies across the city to achieve this goal.

Results: From a screening colonoscopy rate of only 42% in 2003, these concerted efforts contributed to achieving a screening rate of 62% by 2007 and a screening rate of almost 70% in 2014 with the elimination of racial and ethnic disparities.

Should Antihypertensive Treatment Recommendations Differ in Patients With and Without Coronary Heart Disease? (from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial [ALLHAT]).

Thiazide-type diuretics have been recommended for initial treatment of hypertension in most patients, but should this recommendation differ for patients with and without coronary heart disease (CHD)? The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) was a randomized, double-blind hypertension treatment trial in 42,418 participants with high risk of combined cardiovascular disease (CVD) (25% with preexisting CHD). This post hoc analysis compares long-term major clinical outcomes in those assigned amlodipine (n = 9048) or lisinopril (n = 9,054) with those assigned chlorthalidone (n = 15,255), stratified by CHD status. After 4 to 8 years, randomized treatment was discontinued.

Molecular biology, epidemiology, and the elusive nature of pancreatitis.

The myriad of presentations of pancreatitis can cause confusion and controversy among clinicians affecting the diagnosis, treatment, and research of patients with these disorders. Although the disease is best thought of as a spectrum with classic presentations, the underlying pathophysiologic reasons for the differences in manifestations remains unknown. In this issue of the Journal, LaRusch and colleagues provide an elegant study combining epidemiology and molecular biology to explain why some patients with pancreatitis develop fibrosis chronic pancreatitis.

Risk of breast cancer with CXCR4-using HIV defined by V3 loop sequencing.

Objective: Evaluate the risk of female breast cancer associated with HIV-CXCR4 (X4) tropism as determined by various genotypic measures.

Methods: A breast cancer case-control study, with pairwise comparisons of tropism determination methods, was conducted. From the Women's Interagency HIV Study repository, one stored plasma specimen was selected from 25 HIV-infected cases near the breast cancer diagnosis date and 75 HIV-infected control women matched for age and calendar date.

Decreased mortality in acute pancreatitis related to early aggressive hydration.

Objective: Early aggressive intravenous hydration is believed to prevent morbidity and mortality by preventing intravascular volume depletion and maintaining perfusion of the pancreas possibly preventing pancreatic necrosis. The following study was initiated to determine the relationship between the observed decrease in mortality and the role of early aggressive hydration.

Methods: A consecutive series of patients with acute pancreatitis from a single community hospital in 1998 were compared to a consecutive series of patients with acute pancreatitis from the same institution in 2008.

Enhancement of pulmonary vascular remodelling and inflammatory genes with VIP gene deletion.

The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains poorly understood. The present authors recently reported that mice with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene disruption show a spontaneous phenotype of PAH, with pulmonary vascular remodelling and lung inflammation. To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms in this model, it was examined whether absence of the VIP gene might alter the expression of additional genes involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, as single-gene deletions, in the absence of hypoxia, rarely result in significant pulmonary vascular remodelling.

Beta rhythms (15-20 Hz) generated by nonreciprocal communication in hippocampus.

Generation of gamma rhythms in reciprocally connected areas of cortex produces synchronous neuronal firing, although little is known about the consequences of gamma rhythms when generated in nonreciprocally connected regions. This nonreciprocity exists in hippocampus, where gamma rhythms are generated in area CA3 in vitro and in vivo and nonreciprocally projected to area CA1 by the Schaffer collateral pathway. Here we demonstrate how this CA3 gamma rhythm generates two different patterns of local CA1 oscillation dependent on the degree of output from area CA1.

Relationship of C-reactive protein, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus: potential role of statins.

Atherosclerosis and the metabolic derangements of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are all associated with underlying inflammatory processes. C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, has been shown to be a strong independent predictor of vascular events. It adds to cardiovascular disease risk at all levels of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and Framingham risk scores, and elevated levels are also associated with increasing severity of the metabolic syndrome.

Repeated administration of methylphenidate in young, adolescent, and mature rats affects the response to cocaine later in adulthood.

Rationale: Previous studies have shown that the expression of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants depends on the age and gender of the animal.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the pattern of behavioral sensitization to repeated administration of methylphenidate (MPD) at three different developmental ages and to assess the response to a cocaine challenge in adulthood.

Methods: We gave five daily i.

Second-trimester sonographic comparison of the lower uterine segment in pregnant women with and without a previous cesarean delivery.

Objective: To compare measurements of the lower uterine segment during a second-trimester sonographic examination in women with and without a previous cesarean delivery.

Methods: Women undergoing second-trimester sonographic examination, 24 with a history of cesarean delivery and 30 control subjects with no history of cesarean delivery, were recruited for transvaginal sonographic evaluation of the lower uterine segment with a high-frequency probe. The uterine niche or previous cesarean scar site was defined as a small triangular anechoic defect in the anterior wall of the uterus.