Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction.

The expression of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) can be attenuated by presenting the CS by itself (i.e., extinction, Ext).

Bis[2-(isoquinolin-1-yl)phenyl-κ , ](2-phenyl-1-imidazo[4,5-][1,10]phenanthroline-κ ,')iridium(III) hexa-fluorido-phosphate methanol monosolvate.

The title compound, [Ir(CHN)(CHN)]PF·CHOH, crystallizes in the 2/ space group with one monocationic iridium complex, one hexa-fluorido-phosphate anion, and one methanol solvent mol-ecule of crystallization in the asymmetric unit, all in general positions. The anion and solvent are linked to the iridium complex cation hydrogen bonding. All bond lengths and angles fall into expected ranges compared to similar compounds.

Structures and Dynamics of Complex Guest Molecules in Confinement, Revealed by Solid-State NMR, Molecular Dynamics, and Calorimetry.

This review gives an overview of current trends in the investigation of confined molecules such as water, small and higher alcohols, carbonic acids, ethylene glycol, and non-ionic surfactants, such as polyethylene glycol or Triton-X, as guest molecules in neat and functionalized mesoporous silica materials employing solid-state NMR spectroscopy, supported by calorimetry and molecular dynamics simulations. The combination of steric interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions results in a fascinating phase behavior in the confinement. Combining solid-state NMR and relaxometry, DNP hyperpolarization, molecular dynamics simulations, and general physicochemical techniques, it is possible to monitor these confined molecules and gain deep insights into this phase behavior and the underlying molecular arrangements.

COVID-related stressors and their impact on parental sleep, parenting behaviors, and child functioning.

This longitudinal study examined the impact on families of multiple stressors that emerged due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, we modeled the indirect effects of three stressors (i.e.

Quality of Life and Related Outcomes Among Unpaid Caregivers of Older Adults With Visual Impairment.

Caregivers of older adults with visual impairments are often family members who spend many hours caring for loved ones at the expense of their personal needs. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of life of unpaid caregivers of older adults with visual impairments and determine the barriers and facilitators for improving their quality of life. To examine this population, 130 unpaid caregivers of older adults with visual impairments were surveyed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Living Arrangement and Indicators of Social Interaction Survey, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Caregiver Quality of Life (EQ-5D), and the Perceived Change Index (PCI).

Phylogenomic analysis of the bowfin (Amia calva) reveals unrecognized species diversity in a living fossil lineage.

The Bowfin (Amia calva), as currently recognized, represents the sole living member of the family Amiidae, which dates back to approximately 150 Ma. Prior to 1896, 13 species of extant Bowfins had been described, but these were all placed into a single species with no rationale or analysis given. This situation has persisted until the present day, with little attention given to re-evaluation of those previously described nominal forms.

Two Congener-specific Models Estimate PCB TEQ Hazard to American Mink (Neovison vison) Living near a Western New York Creek.

We present two models to monitor the health of ecosystems by assessing hazard from a persistent organic compound to a top predator species. Our diet model predicts the dietary exposure of American Mink (Neovison vison) to PCB toxic equivalents (TEQ) by combining concentrations in their prey using weighted average proportions consistent with literature-based mink diets. Our bioaccumulation model predicts the dietary exposure of mink to PCB TEQ based on each congener's total concentration in water (dissolved plus particulate fractions), the octanal/water partition coefficient (log K) of the compound, and the trophic levels of prey taxa.

Summer Friends and Physical Activity: Social Network Effects on Child Self-Reported Physical Activity at Summer Care Programs.

Summer is a time of reduced physical activity (PA) for children; however, summer care programs (SCPs) can provide opportunities for children to be active and foster friendships. This study investigated associations between PA and friendship formation at SCPs. Children (ages 8-12 years) from two SCPs reported demographics, PA, and up to five friends at the program.

A Randomized Feasibility Trial of a Fundamental Motor Skill Parent-Mediated Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility of a fundamental motor skills (FMS) intervention with two groups on the acquisition of FMS of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We randomly assigned families ( = 15) of children with ASD aged 4-11 years into two groups (a workshop or a home-based group) focused on FMS development. Both groups participated in a 10-week intervention and were given the same instructional manual and adapted physical activity equipment.

Faculty perceptions of engaging older adults in higher education: The need for intergenerational pedagogy.

Institutions of higher education need to become more age friendly. Creating an on-campus lifelong learning program can offer older adults opportunities to audit classes and engage in multigenerational classrooms, but can also promote intergenerational learning when instructors consciously use pedagogy that fosters engagement between learners from various generations. Promoting intergenerational learning to facilitate reciprocal sharing of expertise between generations is also the fourth principle of the Age Friendly University framework.

Ionic Liquid-Controlled Shape Transformation of Spherical to Nonspherical Polymersomes via Hierarchical Self-Assembly of a Diblock Copolymer.

Here, we report the self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG--PCL) copolymer in three ionic liquids (ILs) possessing different cations with common (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion. The observed polymeric nanostructures in ILs were directly visualized by room temperature conventional transmission and field emission scanning electron microscopy and were further examined for their size and shape by dynamic light scattering technique. The results show that through changes in the concentration of PEG--PCL and/or changing the solvent by using a different IL, we can effectively induce shape transformation of self-assembled PEG--PCL nanostructures in order to generate nonspherical polymersomes, such as worm-like aggregates, stomatocytes, nanotubes, large hexagonal and tubular-shaped polymersomes.

Infusing Self-Care and Wellness into CACREP Curricula: Pedagogical Recommendations for Counselor Educators and Counselors during COVID-19.

Although self-care and wellness practices are important in counselor education, they have yet to be mapped and incorporated into the CACREP curriculum. Counselor educators are called to teach and model these practices for counselors in training (CIT) in a post-pandemic reality. The authors provide specific recommendations for integrating self-care and wellness practices across the CACREP curriculum in counselor education training programs, as well as pragmatic approaches for professional counselors, to address the paucity of literature.

Perceived Motor Competence Mediates the Relationship Between Gross Motor Skills and Physical Activity in Youth With Visual Impairments.

Children with visual impairments typically demonstrate lower levels of motor competence, physical activity, and perceived motor competence compared to their peers without visual impairments. Stodden and colleagues purport that perceived motor competence mediates the relationship between motor competence and physical activity for youth without visual impairments.  The purpose of this study was to test whether perceived motor competence mediates the relationship between motor competence and physical activity for youth with visual impairments.

Interplay between axonal Wnt5-Vang and dendritic Wnt5-Drl/Ryk signaling controls glomerular patterning in the Drosophila antennal lobe.

Despite the importance of dendritic targeting in neural circuit assembly, the mechanisms by which it is controlled still remain incompletely understood. We previously showed that in the developing Drosophila antennal lobe, the Wnt5 protein forms a gradient that directs the ~45˚ rotation of a cluster of projection neuron (PN) dendrites, including the adjacent DA1 and VA1d dendrites. We report here that the Van Gogh (Vang) transmembrane planar cell polarity (PCP) protein is required for the rotation of the DA1/VA1d dendritic pair.

The sometimes competing retrieval and Van Hamme & Wasserman models predict the selective role of within-compound associations in retrospective revaluation.

The correlation between blocking and within-compound memory is stronger when compound training occurs before elemental training (i.e., backward blocking) than when the phases are reversed (i.

Methods of comparing associative models and an application to retrospective revaluation.

Contemporary theories of associative learning are increasingly complex, which necessitates the use of computational methods to reveal predictions of these models. We argue that comparisons across multiple models in terms of goodness of fit to empirical data from experiments often reveal more about the actual mechanisms of learning and behavior than do simulations of only a single model. Such comparisons are best made when the values of free parameters are discovered through some optimization procedure based on the specific data being fit (e.

Contextual influences on early drinking: Characteristics of drinking and nondrinking days.

Research characterizing the adolescent drinking context is limited, often relies on samples of current drinkers reporting on recent/last or typical drinking experiences, and provides little information about the context of very early use. The present study uses repeated monthly assessments to describe the context of drinking days and matched nondrinking days to determine the unique risk associated with different drinking-related characteristics. Additionally, we used latent class analysis to empirically identify key configurations of drinking-related characteristics and both family- and nonfamily-related environmental characteristics (social context, physical location, source of alcohol).

Reciprocal relations between perceived parental knowledge and adolescent substance use and delinquency: The moderating role of parent-teen relationship quality.

The current study prospectively examined hypothesized short- and long-term reciprocal relations between perceived parental knowledge and adolescent heavy episodic drinking, marijuana use, and delinquency. Using the contextual model of parenting style (Darling & Steinberg, 1993), we examined the extent to which the bidirectional nature of associations between knowledge and adolescent outcomes is dependent on a facet of parenting style: the quality of the parent-child relationship. Data came from the first 4 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997.

The error in total error reduction.

Most models of human and animal learning assume that learning is proportional to the discrepancy between a delivered outcome and the outcome predicted by all cues present during that trial (i.e., total error across a stimulus compound).

Performance factors in associative learning: assessment of the sometimes competing retrieval model.

Previous simulations revealed that the sometimes competing retrieval model (SOCR; Stout & Miller, Psychological Review, 114, 759-783, 2007), which assumes local error reduction, can explain many cue interaction phenomena that elude traditional associative theories based on total error reduction. Here, we applied SOCR to a new set of Pavlovian phenomena. Simulations used a single set of fixed parameters to simulate each basic effect (e.

Associative status of the training context determines the effectiveness of compound extinction.

Studies of extinction of a target cue in compound with another excitor have produced evidence of both deepened and attenuated extinction relative to elemental extinction. The present experiments sought to resolve this discrepancy by assessing the effect of the extinction context-unconditioned stimulus (US) association on compound extinction. In an ABC renewal situation with rats, Experiment 1 replicated the observation that enhanced extinction (i.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy, left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome, and broken heart syndrome, is a clinical entity first described in the early 1990s in Japan and now receiving increased attention in the United States. The clinical features include an onset of chest pain mimicking that of an acute myocardial infarction, electrocardiogram changes similar to those of an acute myocardial infarction, normal coronary arteries on cardiac catheterization, and a signature appearance on echocardiogram. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy results in a significantly decreased ejection fraction that, as long as the patient receives appropriate hemodynamic support, typically undergoes spontaneous reversal.