Multiple and long-range participation of benzyl groups in intramolecular C-arylation reactions of benzylated glycosides.

The intrinsic reactivity of furanosides bearing activated O-benzyl substituents (3-methoxybenzyl), in the presence of bidentate Lewis acids such as tin(IV) chloride, was explored. These glycosides were found to exhibit extremely interesting chemical properties. Thus, with three reactive substituents (at O-2,3,5), the corresponding glycosides (1 and 7) underwent a novel internal bis-C-arylation process, which involved successive alkylations of the benzyl groups at O-2 and O-3 ("multiple participation"), leading to the formal replacement of the two C-O bonds at the anomeric center of the glycoside by two C-C bonds.

Source of high testosterone levels associated with autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis in neonatally thymectomized B6A mice.

Thymectomy at three days of age (Tx-3) in mice results in early ovarian dysgenesis and eventual sterility. In (C57BL/6JCr x A/JCr)F1 (B6A) mice, the ovaries are reduced in weight, composed mostly of interstitial-like cells, and are usually devoid of oocytes, follicles, and corpora lutea by 60 days of age. This thymectomy-induced acceleration of follicular atresia is autoimmune in nature and is accompanied by circulating auto-oocyte antibodies (AOA).

The effects of feedback lighting on the circadian drinking rhythm in the diurnal new world primate Saimiri sciureus.

Feedback lighting provides illumination primarily during the subjective night (i.e., the photosensitive portion of the circadian cycle) in response to a given behavior.

The effects of feedback lighting on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and the reproductive maturation of the male Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

The non-parametric model of entrainment suggests that brief pulses of light, delivered between dusk and dawn can simulate the phasing effects of full photoperiods or even constant light (LL). Feedback lighting (LDFB) is a lighting condition where individual animals, otherwise in constant darkness (DD), are exposed to light in response to a monitored behavior. The specific purpose of this type of illumination is to expose the circadian cycle to light only during the subjective night.

Intramolecular C-arylation of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl- and 2,3,5-tri-O-(3-methylbenzyl)-pentofuranose derivatives.

Upon treatment with tin(IV) chloride, 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl- and 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-(3-methylbenzyl)pentofuranose (D-ribo, L-arabino) undergo intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the aromatic substituent at O-2 to give unusual internal C-glycosyl compounds (isochroman derivatives) in high yield. The final products are also partially debenzylated at O-3 or O-5 (up to 25%) under these conditions. By contrast, the corresponding methyl glycosides are poor substrates for the intramolecular C-arylation reaction, as methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-(3-methylbenzyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside was found to give preponderantly methyl 3,5-di-O-(3-methylbenzyl)-alpha-D-ribofuranoside (11) (49%), and the C-arylation product in 30% yield only in the presence of the same Lewis acid.

Preliminary characterization of persisting circadian rhythms during space flight.

In order to evaluate the function of the circadian timing system in space, the circadian rhythm of conidiation of the fungus Neurospora crassa was monitored in constant darkness on the STS 9 flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. During the first 7 days of spaceflight many tubes showed a marked reduction in the apparent amplitude of the conidiation rhythm, and some cultures appeared arrhythmic. There was more variability in the growth rate and circadian rhythms of individual cultures in space than is usually seen on earth.