M1 recruitment during interleaved practice is important for encoding, not just consolidation, of skill memory.

The primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial for motor skill learning. We examined its role in interleaved practice, which enhances retention (vs. repetitive practice) through M1-dependent consolidation.

Asymptomatic Erosive Esophagitis.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common condition characterized by chronic symptoms, such as heartburn or epigastric and/or substernal pain, that are frequently associated with mucosal damage resulting from abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus (Fass et al. in Nat Rev Dis Primers 7:55, 2021; Richter and Rubenstein in Gastroenterology 154:267-276, 2018). However, this damage can manifest in patients who do not exhibit typical GERD symptoms.

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on neonatal calf diarrhea when administered at a disease alert generated by automated milk feeders.

The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to assess whether early intervention with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) following a disease alert generated by automated milk feeders could reduce diarrhea severity and improve performance in dairy calves. A total of 71 Holstein calves were enrolled on an automated milk feeder (recorded milk intake and drinking speed) at 3 d of age and received up to 15 L/d (150 g/L) of milk replacer until 35 d of age. An alert that was previously validated as diagnostically accurate to identify calves at risk for diarrhea was used using automated milk feeder data (≤60% rolling dividends in milk intake or drinking speed over 2 d).

Novel Dynamic Organ Storage System Enhances Liver Graft Function in a Porcine Donation After Circulatory Death Model.

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) livers face increased risks of critical complications when preserved with static cold storage (SCS). Although machine perfusion (MP) may mitigate these risks, its cost and logistical complexity limit widespread application. We developed the Dynamic Organ Storage System (DOSS), which delivers oxygenated perfusate at 10°C with minimal electrical power requirement and allows real-time effluent sampling in a portable cooler.

Consensus Recommendations for Studies of Outflow Facility and Intraocular Pressure Regulation Using Ex Vivo Perfusion Approaches.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is the primary risk factor and currently the main treatable factor for progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In addition to direct clinical and living animal in vivo studies, ex vivo perfusion of anterior segments and whole eyes is a key technique for studying conventional outflow function as it is responsible for IOP regulation. We present well-tested experimental details, protocols, considerations, advantages, and limitations of several ex vivo model systems for studying IOP regulation.

Assessing the Quality of Biomedical Boolean Search Strings Generated by Prompted and Unprompted Models Using ChatGPT: A Pilot Study.

This pilot study investigated the use of Generative AI using ChatGPT to produce Boolean search strings to query PubMed. The goals were to determine if ChatGPT could be used in search string formation and if so, which approach was most effective. Research outputs from published systematic reviews were compared to outputs from AI generated search strings.

Who are the Parents? Risk and Resiliency Among Parents of Youth Receiving Intensive Home-Based Psychiatric Treatment.

Despite their explicit focus on family functioning and mounting evidence of the intergenerational mechanisms of childhood experiences (Zhang et al., 2022), very little is known about the parents of the high-risk youth receiving Intensive Home-Based Treatment (IHBT). Knowledge about parents' childhood experiences of risk and resilience, which are known to impact parenting behaviors, may provide insight into the complex clinical presentations frequently seen in this population and help guide the implementation of maximally effective interventions.

Adverse effects of criminal legal system involvement: a qualitative study examining the role of incarceration and reentry on substance use trajectories among women with opioid use disorders.

Background: Women with substance use disorders (SUDs) often experience adversity related to incarceration and reentry that can impact their substance use outcomes. This study aims to examine the adverse effects of incarceration and reentry on substance use outcomes among women with a history of opioid use disorder (OUD).

Methods: We carried out 42 semi-structured interviews (May-July 2022) with women with a history of criminal legal involvement and OUD (n = 20), criminal legal professionals (n = 10), and SUD treatment professionals (n = 12).

Data mining identifies meaningful severity specifiers for anorexia nervosa.

The fifth edition of defines anorexia nervosa (AN) severity based on body mass index (BMI). However, BMI categories do not reliably differentiate the intensity of AN and comorbid symptoms. Shape/weight overvaluation has been proposed as an alternative severity specifier.

Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm Forming Characteristics of Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates at a Hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.

Background:  infections are becoming difficult to treat due to the bacterium's biofilm-forming capabilities and rising resistance to multiple antibiotics, posing a growing clinical challenge. This study assessed the antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation by isolates from patients at a hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.

Method: From patients exhibiting signs of bacterial infection, while excluding recent antibiotic users or those with incomplete data, 417 clinical samples comprised of 84 blood, 108 pus, and 225 urine samples were obtained in a cross-sectional study.

Complementary effects of postoperative delirium and frailty on 30-day outcomes in spine surgery.

Background Context: With an increasingly older population, the number of frail patients requiring surgical management for degenerative spine diseases is rapidly increasing. Older patients are at increased risk of developing postoperative delirium (POD), which increases the odds of postoperative morbidity and mortality in spine surgery patients. Therefore, frail spine surgery patients may be at greater risk of developing POD and subsequent adverse outcomes.

Important Mechanisms in the Development of Anxiety in Children with ADHD: The Role of Associated Features of ADHD and Interpersonal Functioning.

Over a quarter of children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) meet diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder as well. The goals of this paper are (a) to examine what is currently known about co-occurring ADHD and anxiety in children, (b) propose and outline underlying factors relevant to the development of anxiety in children with ADHD, and (c) discuss future directions and clinical implications for the prevention and identification of anxiety development in children with ADHD. It is proposed that certain associated features of ADHD (i.

Intestinal Epithelial Serotonin as a Novel Target for Treating Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction and Mood.

Background & Aims: Mood disorders and disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are highly prevalent, commonly comorbid, and lack fully effective therapies. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line pharmacological treatments for these disorders, they may impart adverse effects, including anxiety, anhedonia, dysmotility, and, in children exposed in utero, an increased risk of cognitive, mood, and gastrointestinal disorders. SSRIs act systemically to block the serotonin reuptake transporter and enhance serotonergic signaling in the brain, intestinal epithelium, and enteric neurons.

A web-based histology atlas for the freshwater sentinel species Daphnia magna.

Daphnia are keystone species of freshwater habitats used as model organisms in ecology and evolutionary biology. Their small size, wide geographic distribution, and sensitivity to chemicals make them useful as environmental sentinels in regulatory toxicology and chemical risk assessment. Biomolecular (-omic) assessments of responses to chemical toxicity, which reveal detailed molecular signatures, become more powerful when correlated with other phenotypic outcomes (such as behavioral, physiological, or histopathological) for comparative validation and regulatory relevance.

Investing in Custodial Grandparents: Cost Analysis of the Social Intelligence Program.

Rising child welfare costs and a desire to keep kids out of the system have encouraged the use of kinship care-of which custodial grandparents make up the majority of caregivers. Unfortunately, custodial grandparents report greater needs for social and emotional support to successfully care for their grandchildren. Yet, the resources required to provide preventive social-emotional support to these families are unknown.

University students' knowledge, perceptions, and sources of information on routinely recommended vaccines.

To evaluate university students' perceptions of the importance of routine vaccines, knowledge of vaccines, most trusted sources of vaccine information, and interest in learning more about vaccines. 2,223 students attending four universities across Pennsylvania. A 32-question electronic survey was administered to university students between March and May 2023.

Effect of Voiding Policy on Post Anesthesia Care Unit Length of Stay for Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy.

Study Objective: This study aims to evaluate a liberal postoperative voiding policy after minimally invasive hysterectomies to assess the impact of length of stay in the postoperative care unit (PACU).

Design: This is a retrospective interrupted time series study. Patients were identified 3 months before and after the policy change, and a chart review was conducted of medical records.

Clinical variability of across siblings.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), an autosomal recessive ciliopathy with pleiotropic effects, manifests as a spectrum of anomalies involving multiple genes and affects fewer than 3,000 individuals in the USA. Due to its rarity and phenotypic variability, early diagnosis of BBS poses a significant challenge. Therefore, we aim to shed light on the intrafamilial phenotypic variation of BBS resulting from a variant by delineating the clinical presentation in two siblings.