Exploring potential risk pathways with high risk groups for urban Rift Valley fever virus introduction, transmission, and persistence in two urban centers of Kenya.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that has profound impact on domestic ruminants and can also be transmitted to humans via infected animal secretions. Urban areas in endemic regions across Africa have susceptible animal and human hosts, dense vector distributions, and source livestock (often from high risk locations to meet the demand for animal protein). Yet, there has never been a documented urban outbreak of RVF.

Antiretroviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-HIV-coinfected patients: promises and pitfalls.

Coinfections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are common globally. HIV infection modifies the course of HBV infection by increasing rates of chronicity, prolonging HBV viremia, and increasing liver-related morbidity. To minimize the emergence of HIV and/or HBV resistance, as well as the emergence of liver enzyme flares, the treatment of both infections should be coordinated.