Self-reports map the landscape of task states derived from brain imaging.

Psychological states influence our happiness and productivity; however, estimates of their impact have historically been assumed to be limited by the accuracy with which introspection can quantify them. Over the last two decades, studies have shown that introspective descriptions of psychological states correlate with objective indicators of cognition, including task performance and metrics of brain function, using techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Such evidence suggests it may be possible to quantify the mapping between self-reports of experience and objective representations of those states (e.

RELMβ sets the threshold for microbiome-dependent oral tolerance.

Tolerance to dietary antigens is critical for avoiding deleterious type 2 immune responses resulting in food allergy (FA) and anaphylaxis. However, the mechanisms resulting in both the maintenance and failure of tolerance to food antigens are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the goblet-cell-derived resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ) is a critical regulator of oral tolerance.

Platinum hydride formation during cathodic corrosion in aqueous solutions.

Cathodic corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon that etches metals at moderately negative potentials. Although cathodic corrosion probably occurs by forming a metal-containing anion, such intermediate species have not yet been observed. Here, aiming to resolve this long-standing debate, our work provides such evidence through X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Kidney Function, Cognitive Impairment, and Trajectories: A Longitudinal Biracial Study.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with incident cognitive impairment (ICI) and disproportionately affects older adults and Black persons.

Objective: To determine (1) whether age or race differences exist in the association of CKD and ICI and (2) whether cognitive trajectories differ in people with and without CKD.

Design: Nationwide cohort study.

Distributed training of foundation models for ophthalmic diagnosis.

Vision impairment affects nearly 2.2 billion people globally, and nearly half of these cases could be prevented with early diagnosis and intervention-underscoring the urgent need for reliable and scalable detection methods for conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Here we propose a distributed deep learning framework that integrates self-supervised and domain-adaptive federated learning to enhance the detection of eye diseases from optical coherence tomography images.

Quantum-computing-enhanced algorithm unveils potential KRAS inhibitors.

We introduce a quantum-classical generative model for small-molecule design, specifically targeting KRAS inhibitors for cancer therapy. We apply the method to design, select and synthesize 15 proposed molecules that could notably engage with KRAS for cancer therapy, with two holding promise for future development as inhibitors. This work showcases the potential of quantum computing to generate experimentally validated hits that compare favorably against classical models.

A noise-robust post-processing pipeline for accelerated phase-cycled Na Multi-Quantum Coherences MRI.

Purpose: To develop an improved post-processing pipeline for noise-robust accelerated phase-cycled Cartesian Single (SQ) and Triple Quantum (TQ) sodium (Na) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of in vivo human brain at 7 T.

Theory And Methods: Our pipeline aims to tackle the challenges of Na Multi-Quantum Coherences (MQC) MRI including low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and time-consuming Radiofrequency (RF) phase-cycling. Our method combines low-rank k-space denoising for SNR enhancement with Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to robustly separate SQ and TQ signal components.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters associated with an indicator of heart rate variability: The ADVANCE cohort study.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is governed by sympathetic and parasympathetic regulatory systems. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may influence these systems and consequently affect cardiovascular functioning.

Methods: The sample consisted of 860 UK male military personnel approximately half of whom had sustained physical combat injuries in Afghanistan.

Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries: Multi-center Expert Consensus Study using the Delphi Method.

Introduction: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries pose significant challenges in clinical management, necessitating consensus guidelines for optimal treatment. There is a lack of consensus in several areas, including imaging protocols, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation timelines. This study aims to develop a consensus regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of AC joint separations.

Breast milk delivery of an engineered dimeric IgA protects neonates against rotavirus.

Dimeric IgA (dIgA) is the dominant antibody in many mucosal tissues. It is actively transported onto mucosal surfaces as secretory IgA (sIgA) which plays an integral role in protection against enteric pathogens, particularly in young children. Therapeutic strategies that deliver engineered, potently neutralizing antibodies directly into the infant intestine through breast milk could provide enhanced antimicrobial protection for neonates.

Data management and sharing.

Guided by the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable), responsible data sharing requires well-organized, high-quality datasets. However, researchers often struggle with implementing Data Management and Sharing Plans (DMSPs) due to lack of knowledge on how to do this, time constraints, legal, technical and financial challenges, particularly concerning data ownership and privacy. While patients support data sharing, researchers and funders may hesitate, fearing the loss of intellectual property or competitive advantage.

CRMP/UNC-33 maintains neuronal microtubule arrays by promoting individual microtubule rescue.

Microtubules (MTs) are intrinsically dynamic polymers. In neurons, staggered individual microtubules form stable, polarized acentrosomal MT arrays spanning the axon and dendrite to support long-distance intracellular transport. How the stability and polarity of these arrays are maintained when individual MTs remain highly dynamic is still an open question.

Automated model discovery for tensional homeostasis: Constitutive machine learning in growth and remodeling.

We present a built-in physics neural network architecture, known as inelastic Constitutive Artificial Neural Network (iCANN), to discover the inelastic phenomenon of tensional homeostasis. In this course, identifying the optimal model and material parameters to accurately capture the macroscopic behavior of inelastic materials can only be accomplished with significant expertise, is often time-consuming, and prone to error, regardless of the specific inelastic phenomenon. To address this challenge, built-in physics machine learning algorithms offer significant potential.

The effects of a sleep intervention in the early COVID-19 pandemic on insomnia and depressive symptoms: Results of a randomized controlled pilot study.

The COVID-19 Pandemic increased the prevalence and severity of insomnia and depression symptoms. The effects of an insomnia intervention on future insomnia and depression symptoms delivered during an ongoing stressor, which may have precipitated the insomnia symptoms, is unknown. We conducted a two-arm randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate whether an insomnia intervention would improve the trajectory of insomnia and depression symptoms in the context of a global pandemic.

Authors' Reply: Commentary on "Protecting User Privacy and Rights in Academic Data-Sharing Partnerships: Principles From a Pilot Program at Crisis Text Line".

We appreciate Reierson's thoughtful commentary on our 2019 paper, which described our experiences, ethical process, judgment calls, and lessons from a 2016-2017 data-sharing pilot between Crisis Text Line and academic researchers. The commentary raises important questions about the ethical conduct of health research in the digital age, particularly regarding informed consent, potential conflicts of interest, and the protection of vulnerable populations. Our article focused specifically on the noncommercial use of Crisis Text Line data for research purposes, so we restrict our reply to points relevant to such usage.

Estimating the Benefit of Transplant Over Dialysis in Candidates Over 55 Years.

Background: 'Life Years from Transplant' (LYFT) is a measure of the predicted difference between the expected lifespan with and without a kidney transplant. The metric was originally proposed in 1999; since then, demographics of the kidney transplant candidate population have materially changed.

Methods: Using contemporary SRTR data, we propose more sophisticated methods for estimating LYFT with a focus on older kidney transplant candidates, a growing sector of the current candidate pool.

Is Area-Level Social Vulnerability Index Associated With Patient-Level Health-Related Social Needs in Hand Surgery?

Background: Social drivers of health (SDOH) are area-level, nonmedical factors that affect health outcomes. By contrast, health-related social needs (HRSNs) are individual patient reported and are being deployed in some payment models. SDOH are often used to broadly represent health disparities of communities through metrics, such as the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI); however, the association of area-level SVI to individual HRSNs has not been well studied in hand surgery, which has implications for addressing social risks to improve health and in quality measurement.

Pediatric relapsed/refractory ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma treatment and outcomes in the targeted drug era.

Treatment options for patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) have increased in the era of targeted therapies such as brentuximab vedotin (BV) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) inhibitors. However, there is no standard treatment and limited published data evaluating their use. The goal of this retrospective study is to describe current real-world treatment and outcomes of pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients with R/R ALK-positive ALCL.

Critical Steps To Address Climate, Health, And Equity.

Climate change poses an unprecedented threat to human health and well-being in the United States. In this article, part of the National Academy of Medicine's Vital Directions for Health and Health Care: Priorities for 2025 initiative, we outline key strategies to address climate change, health, and equity, using a public health approach. We focus on three critical areas: transitioning to clean energy sources, upgrading health infrastructure, and scaling public health and health care resilience.

From Laggard To Leader: Why Health Care In The United States Is Failing, And How To Fix It.

Health care in the United States is among the most technologically advanced in the world, but it is largely failing to meet the needs of the nation. The US can claim international excellence in important areas of care, such as cancer treatment, and it leads the world in biomedical innovation and building a well-prepared and dedicated clinical workforce. The Affordable Care Act was a major step forward in expanding access to health care in the US.

Artificial Intelligence In Health And Health Care: Priorities For Action.

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has entered a new cycle of intense opportunity, fueled by advances in deep learning, including generative AI. Applications of recent advances affect many aspects of everyday life, yet nowhere is it more important to use this technology safely, effectively, and equitably than in health and health care. Here, as part of the National Academy of Medicine's Vital Directions for Health and Health Care: Priorities for 2025 initiative, which is designed to provide guidance on pressing health care issues for the incoming presidential administration, we describe the steps needed to achieve these goals.

Postoperative Radiotherapy ± Cetuximab for Intermediate-Risk Head and Neck Cancer.

Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT)/cetuximab (C) demonstrated superiority over RT alone for locally advanced squamous head and neck cancer. We tested this in completely resected, intermediate-risk cancer.

Methods: Patients had squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) of the oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx, with one or more risk factors warranting postoperative RT.

Synthesis of Layered Gold Tellurides AuSbTe and AuTe and Their Semiconducting and Metallic Behavior.

Previous studies on natural samples of pampaloite (AuSbTe) revealed the crystal structure of a potentially cleavable and/or exfoliable material, while studies on natural and synthetic montbrayite (Sb-containing AuTe) claimed various chemical compositions for this low-symmetry compound. Few investigations of synthetic samples have been reported for both materials, leaving much of their chemical, thermal, and electronic characteristics unknown. Here, we investigate the stability, electronic properties, and synthesis of the gold antimony tellurides AuSbTe and AuSbTe (montbrayite).