Autoinjectors for Administering Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis in Europe: A Survey of Patient and Nurse Preferences.

Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder affecting almost 2.8 million people globally, approximately 80-85% of whom have the relapsing-remitting form of the disease (RRMS). There are several autoinjectors available for the administration of injectable disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of MS.

Clinical pharmacokinetics of levodopa and relevant add-on therapies for Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease entity characterized by heterogeneity of symptoms and progression. Levodopa is an efficacious and well tolerated dopamine substituting drug for its therapy. Its O-methylation and generation of 3-O-methyldopa is enhanced by levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor formulations.

Clinicians' viewpoints on current paradigms of care and research in Parkinson's disease.

Aim of this review is to discuss the value of current ongoing research initiatives in Parkinson's disease from the clinicians' point of view. The repeat, recent failures on progress slowing reflect the drifting apart between initially promising experimental and then disappointing clinical outcomes in the translational trials with well selected Parkinson's disease patients. A similar development concerns the emerging gap between novel developed drugs with improved pharmacokinetic behaviour and their limited use in the clinical practice following approval.

DNL151, DNL201, and BIIB094: experimental agents for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Pathogenic mutations of the abundant leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene support the onset of familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. These genetic variants catalyze kinase activity by substrate phosphorylation. They promote the nigrostriatal neurodegenerative process, i.

Effects of Amantadine Sulfate on Motor Impairment and Execution of Motor Sequences in Patients With Parkinson Disease.

Background: Intravenous application of amantadine sulfate induces a rapid improvement of motor behavior in patients with Parkinson disease.

Objectives: To determine efficacy of daily infusion of 200 mg amantadine sulfate on scored motor symptoms and performance of standardized movement sequences with components of low and high cognitive efforts.

Methods: Thirty-one participants received infusions of amantadine sulfate in addition to their previous stable drug regimens on 3 consecutive days.

Homocysteine, vitamin B metabolites, dopamine-substituting compounds, and symptomatology in Parkinson's disease: clinical and therapeutic considerations.

Emerging studies suggest a correlation between elevated plasma homocysteine (hcy) levels and the risk of atherosclerosis, vascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). This narrative review delves into the intricate relationships between Hcy, vitamin B metabolites, dopamine-substituting compounds, and various symptoms of PD. Patients undergoing a long-term L-dopa/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (DDI) regimen, especially without a concurrent catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor or methyl group-donating vitamin supplementation, such as vitamins B6 and B12, exhibit an elevation in Hcy and a decline in vitamin B metabolites.

The vicious circle between homocysteine, methyl group-donating vitamins and chronic levodopa intake in Parkinson's disease.

A biomarker for declined methylation capacity is elevation of homocysteine levels. They increase the risk for onset of vascular disease and contribute to progression of chronic neurodegeneration and aging. This narrative review discusses associations between homocysteine, consumption of methyl group-donating vitamins and impact on disease-generating mechanisms in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease.

Evaluating a multimodal, clinical and work-directed intervention (RTW-PIA) to support sustainable return to work among employees with mental disorders: study protocol of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

Background: Mental disorders (MDs) are one of the leading causes for workforce sickness absence and disability worldwide. The burden, costs and challenges are enormous for the individuals concerned, employers and society at large. Although most MDs are characterised by a high risk of relapse after treatment or by chronic courses, interventions that link medical-psychotherapeutic approaches with work-directed components to facilitate a sustainable return to work (RTW) are rare.

The role of istradefylline in the Parkinson's disease armamentarium.

Introduction: Adenosine antagonism, i.e. of the A receptor, improves dopamine-sensitive motor behavior in patients with Parkinson's disease with oral levodopa-associated motor complications.

Aminoadamantanes: from treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease to symptom amelioration of long COVID-19 syndrome?

Introduction: The aminoadamantanes amantadine and memantine are well known. They mainly act as N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists.

Areas Covered: The antiviral drug amantadine moderately ameliorates impaired motor behavior in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Perspective: Is a Closer Interaction between Experimental and Clinical Research Paradigms in Chronic Neurodegeneration, Such as Parkinson's Disease, Necessary Again?

This editorial discusses the current standstill in research in Parkinson's disease from a clinician's point of view [...

No Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Previous trials describe a decrease of vitamin D levels in patients with Parkinson's disease and relationships to clinical disease severity. This case control study found higher but not significant 25-OH-vitamin D plasma levels in patients with Parkinson's disease compared with age- and sex-matched controls and no associations to clinical parameters, such as rating scores of disease severity or assessments of cognitive function. A certain variability of vitamin D concentrations was observed in both cohorts, which were investigated during the same season.

Effects of One-Day Application of Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone versus Levodopa/Carbidopa/Opicapone in Parkinson's Disease Patients.

The catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors entacapone and opicapone prolong the efficacy of conventional oral levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor formulations through an increase in levodopa plasma bioavailability. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors influence the homocysteine metabolism associated with levodopa/dopa decarboxylase application. The objectives of this study were to compare the impact of additional single-day entacapone or opicapone intake on the pharmacokinetic plasma behaviour of levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa and total homocysteine in 15 Parkinson's disease patients, with concomitant scoring of motor symptoms, under standardized conditions.

Blood-based biomarker in Parkinson's disease: potential for future applications in clinical research and practice.

The clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD) is both complex and heterogeneous, and its precise classification often requires an intensive work-up. The differential diagnosis, assessment of disease progression, evaluation of therapeutic responses, or identification of PD subtypes frequently remains uncertain from a clinical point of view. Various tissue- and fluid-based biomarkers are currently being investigated to improve the description of PD.

GOCOVRI (amantadine) extended-release capsules in Parkinson's disease.

Amantadine is an old, antiviral compound, which moderately improves motor behavior in Parkinson's disease. Its current resurgence results from an innovative, delayed uptake and extended release amantadine hydrochloride capsule, given at bedtime once daily. It is the only approved compound for reduction of involuntary movements, so called dyskinesia, in fluctuating orally levodopa treated patients.

Effect of standardized post-coercion review on subjective coercion: Results of a randomized-controlled trial.

Background: Post-coercion review has been increasingly regarded as a useful intervention in psychiatric inpatient setting. However, little is known about its effect on perceived coercion.

Methods: A multicenter, two-armed, randomized controlled trial was conducted, aiming at analyzing the effect of post-coercion review on perceived coercion.

Complex motion series performance differs between previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease and controls.

Motor behaviour in patients with Parkinson's disease is determined with instrumental tests and rating procedures. Results mirror impairment of an individual patient. Objectives were to determine the associations between two kinds of motion series and rating scores in previously untreated 64 patients and to compare outcomes to controls.

Vitamin D and Blood Parameters.

Background: Vitamin D has a steroid- and an anabolic-resembling chemical structure. Vitamin D is essential for many processes in the human body after hydroxylation.

Aims Of The Study: To investigate the impact of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D plasma concentrations on the blood parameters number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume.

View Point: Disease Modification and Cell Secretome Based Approaches in Parkinson's Disease: Are We on the Right Track?

The term idiopathic Parkinson's disease describes an entity of various not well-characterized disorders resembling each other. They are characterized by chronic neuronal dying originating from various disease mechanisms. They result in the onset of motor and related non-motor features, both of which respond to administration of personalized drug combinations and surgical therapies.