Prostate cancer-what about oligometastatic disease and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy?-a narrative review.

Background And Objective: Oligometastatic prostate cancer (OMPC) encompasses a heterogenous group of clinical entities defined by the timing of the development of metastases. These include de novo oligometastatic, oligorecurrent and oligoprogressive prostate cancer (PrCa). We describe the evidence supporting the use of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) to the oligometastases to improve patient outcomes in each of these settings.

Recent Insights into PARP and Immuno-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy.

Androgen Receptor Gene Pathway Upregulation and Radiation Resistance in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer.

Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is currently used as a salvage intervention for men with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PC), and increasingly so since the results of the Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy for the Comprehensive Treatment of Oligometastatic Cancers (SABR-COMET) trial reported a significant improvement in overall survival with SABR. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to localised prostate radiotherapy improves survival as it sensitises PC to radiotherapy-induced cell death. The importance of the androgen receptor (AR) gene pathway in the development of resistance to radiotherapy is well established.

Nutritional status and symptom burden in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results of the dietetic assessment and intervention in lung cancer (DAIL) trial.

Introduction: European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism guidelines recommend that patients with cancer should be screened for malnutrition at diagnosis. The dietetic assessment and intervention in lung cancer study investigated the nutritional status of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the need for dietetic intervention.

Methods: In this observational cohort pilot study, patients with stage 3b and 4 NSCLC were assessed prior to starting first line systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) with a range of measurements and questionnaires.

Dietetic assessment and intervention in lung cancer.

Purpose Of Review: Systemic therapy for lung cancer is increasing in intensity and duration. European nutrition guidelines suggest screening for weight loss and malnutrition, however acknowledges there is a lack of evidence. We discuss current data round this issue and identify opportunities for further research.

The renin angiotensin system (RAS) mediates bifunctional growth regulation in melanoma and is a novel target for therapeutic intervention.

Despite emergence of new systemic therapies, metastatic melanoma remains a challenging and often fatal form of skin cancer. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major physiological regulatory pathway controlling salt-water equilibrium, intravascular volume and blood pressure. Biological effects of the RAS are mediated by the vasoactive hormone angiotensin II (AngII) via two receptor subtypes, AT1R (encoded by AGTR1) and AT2R (encoded by AGTR2).

methylation is a candidate biomarker of outcome in head and neck cancer.

Background: Biomarkers predictive of response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) regimens for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC) are urgently required to identify patients in whom this approach is likely to be effective. TP53 mutations and epidermal growth factor (EGFR) overexpression are common markers of disease. Dual-specificity-phosphatase-2 (DUSP2) has an essential role in cell proliferation, cancer and immune responses.

Symptomatic Control of Neuroendocrine Tumours with Everolimus.

Everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, increases progression-free survival in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours. Patients with neuroendocrine tumours and symptomatic carcinoid have inferior health-related quality of life than those without symptoms. We aimed to evaluate the effect of everolimus on symptomatic control of neuroendocrine tumours.

Primary chemotherapy versus primary surgery for newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer (CHORUS): an open-label, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial.

Background: The international standard of care for women with suspected advanced ovarian cancer is surgical debulking followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. We aimed to establish whether use of platinum-based primary chemotherapy followed by delayed surgery was an effective and safe alternative treatment regimen.

Methods: In this phase 3, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial (CHORUS) undertaken in 87 hospitals in the UK and New Zealand, we enrolled women with suspected stage III or IV ovarian cancer.

Salivary duct carcinomas can be classified into luminal androgen receptor-positive, HER2 and basal-like phenotypes.

Aims: The aim of this study was to devise a molecular classification for salivary duct carcinomas (SDCs) based on the similarities between SDCs and breast carcinomas and on characteristics of the microarray-based gene expression profiling-defined molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

Methods And Results: Forty-two pure salivary duct carcinomas, 35 of which contained an in-situ component as defined by histological review and/or immunohistochemical analysis, were stained with antibodies for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6. Based on these markers, tumours were classified into HER2, luminal androgen receptor-positive, basal-like, luminal and indeterminate phenotype.

Intra- and interindividual variabilities in the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film in healthy subjects: a cross-study analysis.

Background And Objective: Breakthrough pain describes transient exacerbations of pain that occur in cancer patients with adequately controlled background pain. Transmucosal fentanyl administration produces rapid-onset and short-duration analgesia that is effective for treating patients with breakthrough pain. Although a significant amount of research has been devoted to the study of speed of analgesia onset of transmucosal fentanyl products, few data exist on their variability in absorption, particularly within the same individual, despite the importance of this characteristic to the dose-to-dose reliability of their analgesic effect.

Metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma within haemorrhoids: a case report.

Introduction: Metastatic tumour involvement of the anal canal is rare. Routine pathological evaluation of haemorrhoidectomy specimens has been suggested to be unhelpful and expensive. Selective rather than routine pathological evaluation of haemorrhoidectomy specimens has been recommended.

Periodontal disease in a patient receiving Bevacizumab: a case report.

Introduction: Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) thereby acting as an angiogenesis inhibitor. As a result, supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues is impaired and tumour cell growth is reduced. Reported side effects due to bevacizumab are hypertension and increased risk of bleeding.

Intramammary sentinel nodes in early breast cancer: can we find them and do they matter?

Intramammary nodes identified using the sentinel node biopsy technique can play an important prognostic role in early breast cancer. Two cases of intramammary nodes found by sentinel node biopsy are discussed from the Guildford perspective.