Complete Genome Sequence of the Bacteriophage Chako.

We characterized the complete genome sequence of Chako, an obligate lytic bacteriophage with siphovirus morphology from subcluster EA1 that infects Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. Its 41.6-kb genome contains 62 putative protein-coding genes and is highly similar to that of bacteriophage HanSolo (99.

Flipped teaching transition to online teaching by STEM educators during the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 necessitated online teaching (OT) during the second half of the spring 2020 semester. The perceptions of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) faculty of OT at a two-year (2-YI) and a four-year (4-YI) institution were examined during this sudden switchover. One group of educators had received flipped teaching (FT) training (FTEs, = 23), whereas the other group was practicing traditional teaching (TTEs, = 18).

Low Intrinsic Aerobic Capacity Limits Recovery Response to Hindlimb Ischemia.

In this study, we determined the influence of intrinsic exercise capacity on the vascular adaptive responses to hind limb ischemia. High Capacity Running, HCR; Low Capacity Running, LCR, rats were used to assess intrinsic aerobic capacity effects on adaptive responses to ischemia. Muscle samples from both ischemic and non-ischemic limb in both strains were compared, histologically for the muscle-capillary relationship, and functionally using microspheres to track blood flow and muscle stimulation to test fatigability.

A New Specimen of the Controversial Chasmosaurine Torosaurus latus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana.

Torosaurus latus is an uncommon and contentious taxon of chasmosaurine ceratopsid known from several upper Maastrichtian units in western North America. We describe a partial parietal of To. latus from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana.

Effects of tribromoethanol-medetomidine combination on cycling and ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats.

Although commonly used to induce anesthesia in rodents, the effective dose of tribromoethanol is associated with various side effects. The authors previously found that a tribromoethanol-medetomidine combination reduced the dose of tribromoethanol necessary for effective anesthesia in male Sprague-Dawley rats, an effect reversible by atipamezole. Here, the authors focus on the effect of this anesthetic combination in female Sprague-Dawley rats, its effects on their estrous cycles, and its efficacy at low sex hormone levels.

Very young children are insensitive to picture- but not object-orientation.

In two experiments on very young children's response to the orientation of pictures and objects, 18-, 24- and 30-month-old children showed no preference for upright pictures over inverted ones. More importantly, we found that children in all three age groups were equally accurate and equally fast at identifying depicted objects regardless of orientation. These studies further established that young children's insensitivity to picture orientation does not extend to objects.

Tribromoethanol-medetomidine combination provides a safe and reversible anesthetic effect in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Tribromoethanol typically is used alone as a general anesthetic agent for rodent surgeries. In the present study, the alpha2-adrenergic agonists xylazine and medetomidine were combined with tribromoethanol to examine their use as alternate and safe anesthetic regimes in rats. We also tested the effect of atipamezole, an alpha2-adrenergic antagonist, in reversing the anesthetic effect of the tribromoethanol-medetomidine combination.

Biomechanical analysis by chiropractic radiography: Part III. Lack of effect of projectional distortion on Gonstead vertebral endplate lines.

Projectional distortion is known to produce artifactual dysrelationships between images of osseous segments on X-ray films. According to Gonstead, lines constructed parallel to the adjacent vertebral endplates will converge if a lateral flexion malposition is present and will be parallel if no such subluxation exists. To test the accuracy of these lines, we mounted two vertebrae on supports so that the superior vertebra could be laterally flexed by a known amount upon the fixed inferior vertebra.

Biomechanical analysis by chiropractic radiography: Part II. Effects of X-ray projectional distortion on apparent vertebral rotation.

Projectional distortion in an X-ray image can produce artifacts that cause error in the measurement of vertebral rotation. By means of a stereotaxic positioning device, the effect of varying object-film distance, vertical and horizontal off-centering, rotation, and lateral flexion on the amount of distortion in the image of a third lumbar vertebra was determined. Mathematical analysis of the results revealed that projectional distortion due to vertical off-centering does not affect the apparent rotation of the vertebra measurably; that there is a linear relationship between apparent vertebral rotation and horizontal off-centering; for the object-film distances of 35.

Biomechanical analysis by chiropractic radiography: Part I. A simple method for determining X-ray projectional distortion.

Projectional distortion is known to produce artifactual disrelationships between the images of osseous segments on X-ray film. Apparatus and methods were developed to measure the effect of projectional distortion on a human third lumbar vertebra. The procedures for mathematical analysis of such distortion are outlined, and the results of studies to determine the accuracy of the procedure are presented.