Differences among cigarette-only smokers compared to dual users of cigarettes and little cigars/cigarillos in the criminal justice population.

Introduction: The FDA has restrictions on cigarettes; however, little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) remain largely absent from these regulations. Due to their low prices and flavoring, many engage in dual use of both LCCs and cigarettes. Dual use is particularly prevalent among low income racial/ethnic minority groups.

Factors Associated With Marijuana Use Among Treatment-seeking Adult Cigarette Smokers in the Criminal Justice Population.

Objectives: Due to the elevated rates of cigarette use and marijuana use within the criminal justice system, it is critical to develop a stronger understanding of tobacco and marijuana co-use among this population to inform future interventions.

Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of baseline data from a smoking cessation randomized clinical trial of adults (n = 500) in a community correction program. Participants were classified as using cigarettes only or both cigarettes and marijuana through either self-report or positive urine drug screening.

Medical, psychosocial, and treatment predictors of opioid overdose among high risk opioid users.

Introduction: Drug overdoses are the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. It is imperative to explore predictors of opioid overdose in order to facilitate targeted treatment and prevention efforts. The present study was conducted as an exploratory examination of the factors associated with having a past opioid overdose.

A pilot trial of In vivo NRT sampling to increase medication adherence in community corrections smokers.

Background: Individuals in the criminal justice system demonstrate high rates of cigarette use (70-80%) and low adherence to smoking cessation medication. Educational approaches have not been shown to promote adherence or cessation, though medication sampling has boosted both use and cessation. The objective of the present study was to determine whether In vivo nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) sampling approach increases NRT adherence among criminal justice smokers during a subsequent quit attempt.

Predictors of medication adherence and smoking cessation among smokers under community corrections supervision.

Introduction: Individuals in the U.S. criminal justice system now represent over 12% of all current U.

Withdrawal exposure with withdrawal regulation training for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

Introduction: Although withdrawal processes form a key motivational basis for cigarette use, smoking cessation treatments appear to exert only modest effects on withdrawal. One treatment option for further reducing withdrawal severity would be to provide smokers with withdrawal regulation training. The objective of this study was to pilot a smoking cessation intervention comprising withdrawal exposure with withdrawal regulation training.

The Minority Are the Majority: Today's Smoker.

The smoking rate in America has decreased substantially over the past 50 years; however, this decrease is disproportionately accounted for by the high quit rates and lower initiation rates of middle class smokers with no medical or psychiatric comorbidities. The majority of modern smokers' cessations efforts are complicated by one or more forms of "disadvantage, " such as social, economic, legal, or psychiatric problems. The next step in reducing the national smoking prevalence is to reduce the prevalence in the most neglected portions of the population.