The Temporal Order of Mixed Viral Infections Matters: Common Events That Are Neglected in Plant Viral Diseases.

Mixed infections of plant viruses are common in crops and represent a critical biotic factor with substantial epidemiological implications for plant viral diseases. Compared to single-virus infections, mixed infections arise from simultaneous or sequential infections, which can inevitably affect the ecology and evolution of the diseases. These infections can either exacerbate or ameliorate symptom severity, including virus-virus interactions within the same host that may influence a range of viral traits associated with disease emergence.

Complete Genomes of DNA Viruses in Fecal Samples from Small Terrestrial Mammals in Spain.

Viromics studies are allowing us to understand not only the enormous diversity of the virosphere, but also the potential threat posed by the emerging viruses. Regarding the latter, the main concern lies in monitoring the presence of RNA viruses, but the zoonotic potential of some DNA viruses, on which we have focused in the present study, should also be highlighted. For this purpose, we analyzed 160 fecal samples from 14 species of small terrestrial mammals, 9 of them belonging to the order .

Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Infection from Patient Sera in Cell Culture Using Semi-Automated Image Analysis.

The study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in cell culture is mainly based on cloned viral isolates requiring adaptation for efficient replication in Huh7 hepatoma cells. The analysis of wild-type (WT) isolates was enabled by the expression of SEC14L2 and by inhibitors targeting deleterious host factors. Here, we aimed to optimize cell culture models to allow infection with HCV from patient sera.

Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 in Portugal (2024).

In September 2024, bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) was first identified in Portugal, specifically in the Alentejo region (Évora District), using molecular diagnostic methods. The initial case involved a sheep exhibiting severe clinical symptoms, including head oedema, prostration, nasal discharge, and significant respiratory distress. A subsequent case was documented in another sheep from a different farm within the same district, which presented with high fever (41.

Horse Innate Immunity in the Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection: A Preliminary Study.

The mechanisms of the innate immunity control of equine infectious anemia virus in horses are not yet widely described. Equine monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of three Equine infectious anemia (EIA) seronegative horses were differentiated in vitro into macrophages that gave rise to mixed cell populations morphologically referable to M1 and M2 phenotypes. The addition of two equine recombinant cytokines and two EIA virus reference strains, Miami and Wyoming, induced a more specific cell differentiation, and as for other species, IFNγ and IL4 stimulation polarized horse macrophages respectively towards the M1 and the M2 phenotypes.

Measles Among the Foreign-Born Population Residing in Spain, 2014-2022: Missed Opportunities for Vaccination.

Background/objectives: Spain has been in a measles elimination phase since 2014. No evidence exists about the distribution of measles cases among the population born outside Spain. The aim of this study was thus to describe the epidemiological situation of measles, stratified by place of birth, during the post-elimination period in Spain.

Boosting Vaccine Research: The 16-Year Journey of TRANSVAC Vaccine Infrastructure.

TRANSVAC represents a long-running effort to accelerate the development of novel vaccines by integrating institutions from across Europe under a single collaborative framework. This initiative has empowered the global vaccine community since 2009 including contributing toward the development and optimization of vaccine candidates as well as the provision of new adjuvants, research protocols, and technologies. Scientific services were provided in support of 88 different vaccine development projects, and 400 professionals attended TRANSVAC training events on various vaccine-related topics.

Vaccination Coverage at Birth in Brazil: Spatial and Temporal Trends in the Impact of COVID-19 on Uptake of BCG and Hepatitis B Vaccines.

Introduction: Vaccines are a significant public health achievement, which are crucial for child survival and disease control globally. In Brazil, the National Immunization Program (PNI) manages vaccination schedules, including essential vaccines like BCG and Hepatitis B, administered at birth. Despite achieving over 95% coverage for years, vaccination rates have declined since 2016, a trend exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Repeated Variant Exposures on Cellular and Humoral Immunogenicity Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.

Background/objectives: The emergence of the Omicron variant has complicated COVID-19 control and prompted vaccine updates. Recent studies have shown that a fourth dose significantly protects against infection and severe disease, though long-term immunity data remain limited. This study aimed to assess Anti-S-RBD antibodies and interferon-γ levels in healthcare workers 12 months after receiving bivalent Original/Omicron BA.

Double Deletion of EP402R and EP153R in the Attenuated Lv17/WB/Rie1 African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Enhances Safety, Provides DIVA Compatibility, and Confers Complete Protection Against a Genotype II Virulent Strain.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild suids and causing significant economic losses in the global pig industry. Attenuated modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are the most promising approaches for vaccine development. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of four recombinant ASFV genotype II strains, derived from the non-hemadsorbing (non-HAD) attenuated isolate Lv17/WB/Rie1, through the single or simultaneous deletion of virulence-associated genes.

Comparison of ELISA Versus FAMA Titers in Children After Chemotherapy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Who Received the Live Attenuated MAV/06 Strain Varicella Vaccine.

Background: Varicella can lead to severe complications in immunocompromised children, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or chemotherapy. Preventing primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is crucial in these populations to mitigate morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the live attenuated MAV/06 varicella vaccine in pediatric patients post-HSCT and post-chemotherapy.

Attitude Towards Vaccination Among University Students at a Spanish University: Relationships with Sociodemographic and Academic Variables.

Objectives: This descriptive, cross-sectional study examines the attitude towards vaccination of students at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) and explores its relationship with sociodemographic and academic variables using a bivariate analysis and linear and logistic regression.

Methods: The attitude towards vaccination of 3577 students of different disciplines was assessed using an online version of the Questionnaire on Attitudes and Behaviours towards Vaccination. In addition, all students were asked if they sought information produced by anti-vaccination groups and whether they identified as "anti-vaccine".

Securing the Future of Railway Systems: A Comprehensive Cybersecurity Strategy for Critical On-Board and Track-Side Infrastructure.

The growing prevalence of cybersecurity threats is a significant concern for railway systems, which rely on an extensive network of onboard and trackside sensors. These threats have the potential to compromise the safety of railway operations and the integrity of the railway infrastructure itself. This paper aims to examine the current cybersecurity measures in use, identify the key vulnerabilities that they address, and propose solutions for enhancing the security of railway infrastructures.

Safety of Immersive Virtual Reality for the Management of Parkinson's Disease.

Virtual reality (VR) has been used in research and clinical practice in the management of Parkinson's disease (PD), potentially enhancing physiotherapy. Adverse events (AEs) associated with VR applications in PD have been poorly explored. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare two 12-week interventions using physiotherapy and immersive VR, and analyzed the frequency and type of AEs occurring in 30 people with PD.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Control for Collaborative Robotic Brain Retraction.

In recent years, the application of AI has expanded rapidly across various fields. However, it has faced challenges in establishing a foothold in medicine, particularly in invasive medical procedures. Medical algorithms and devices must meet strict regulatory standards before they can be approved for use on humans.

Characterisation at Cryogenic Temperatures of an Attenuator for an Application of Astrophysical Instrumentation with MKIDs.

The use of non-cryogenic certified commercial electronics for cryogenic applications may be attractive due to their cost and availability, but it also carries risks related to reliability, performance and thermal compatibility. The decision to use commercial components that are not certified for cryogenics instead of components specifically designed for such applications must be carefully weighed based on specific project needs and risk tolerances. This work presents the characterisation of an attenuator circuit at cryogenic temperatures used in a microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) readout system.

A Spatial Crowdsourcing Engine for Harmonizing Volunteers' Needs and Tasks' Completion Goals.

This work addresses the task allocation problem in spatial crowdsensing with altruistic participation, tackling challenges like declining engagement and user fatigue from task overload. Unlike typical models relying on financial incentives, this context requires alternative strategies to sustain participation. This paper presents a new solution, the Volunteer Task Allocation Engine (VTAE), to address these challenges.

Personalized Clustering for Emotion Recognition Improvement.

Emotion recognition through artificial intelligence and smart sensing of physical and physiological signals (affective computing) is achieving very interesting results in terms of accuracy, inference times, and user-independent models. In this sense, there are applications related to the safety and well-being of people (sexual assaults, gender-based violence, children and elderly abuse, mental health, etc.) that require even more improvements.

Enhancing Greenhouse Efficiency: Integrating IoT and Reinforcement Learning for Optimized Climate Control.

Automated systems, regulated by algorithmic protocols and predefined set-points for feedback control, require the oversight and fine tuning of skilled technicians. This necessity is particularly pronounced in automated greenhouses, where optimal environmental conditions depend on the specialized knowledge of dedicated technicians, emphasizing the need for expert involvement during installation and maintenance. To address these challenges, this study proposes the integration of data acquisition technologies using Internet of Things (IoT) protocols and optimization services via reinforcement learning (RL) methodologies.

Soil Water Status Monitoring System with Proximal Low-Cost Sensors and LoRa Technology for Smart Water Irrigation in Woody Crops.

Weather and soil water dictate farm operations such as irrigation scheduling. Low-cost and open-source agricultural monitoring stations are an emerging alternative to commercially available monitoring stations because they are often built from components using open-source, do-it-yourself (DIY) platforms and technologies. For irrigation management in an experimental vineyard located in Quiroga (Lugo, Spain), we faced the challenge of installing a low-cost environmental and soil parameter monitoring station composed of several nodes measuring air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, soil matric potential, and soil water content.

Implementation and Experimental Application of Industrial IoT Architecture Using Automation and IoT Hardware/Software.

The paradigms of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) require functional architectures to deploy and organize hardware and software taking advantage of modern digital technologies in industrial systems. In this sense, a lot of the literature proposes and describes this type of architecture with a conceptual angle, without providing experimental validation or with scarce details about the involved equipment under real operation.

Effectiveness of a Telerehabilitation-Based Exercise Program in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain-A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Non-specific chronic neck pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder with a significant impact on individuals' quality of life. The lack of consensus on effective therapeutic management complicates the establishment of standardized treatment protocols. Home exercise programs have yielded positive results.

Implementation of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Neural Networks in Constructing a Reduced-Order Model for Virtual Sensing of Mechanical Stress.

This study presents the design and validation of a numerical method based on an AI-driven ROM framework for implementing stress virtual sensing. By leveraging Reduced-Order Models (ROMs), the research aims to develop a virtual stress transducer capable of the real-time monitoring of mechanical stresses in mechanical components previously analyzed with high-resolution FEM simulations under a wide range of multiple load scenarios. The ROM is constructed through neural networks trained on Finite Element Method (FEM) outputs from multiple scenarios, resulting in a simplified yet highly accurate model that can be easily implemented digitally.

Digital Twin-Assisted Lightpath Provisioning and Nonlinear Mitigation in C+L+S Multiband Optical Networks.

Multiband (MB) optical transmission targets increasing the capacity of operators' optical transport networks. However, nonlinear impairments (NLI) affect each optical channel in the C+L+S bands differently, and, therefore, the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem needs to be complemented with fast and accurate tools to consider the quality of transmission (QoT) within the provisioning process. This paper proposes a digital twin-assisted approach for lightpath provisioning to provide a complete solution for the RSA problem that ensures the required QoT in MB optical networks.

TCAD Simulation of Two Photon Absorption-Transient Current Technique Measurements on Silicon Detectors and LGADs.

Device simulation plays a crucial role in complementing experimental device characterisation by enabling deeper understanding of internal physical processes. However, for simulations to be trusted, experimental validation is essential to confirm the accuracy of the conclusions drawn. In the framework of semiconductor detector characterisation, one powerful tool for such validation is the Two Photon Absorption-Transient Current Technique (TPA-TCT), which allows for highly precise, three-dimensional spatially-resolved characterisation of semiconductor detectors.