Callose in leptoid cell walls of the moss and the evolution of callose synthase across bryophytes.

Introduction: Leptoids, the food-conducting cells of polytrichaceous mosses, share key structural features with sieve elements in tracheophytes, including an elongated shape with oblique end walls containing modified plasmodesmata or pores. In tracheophytes, callose is instrumental in developing the pores in sieve elements that enable efficient photoassimilate transport. Aside from a few studies using aniline blue fluorescence that yielded confusing results, little is known about callose in moss leptoids.

Early life disruption of the microbiota affects organ development and cytokine gene expression in threespine stickleback.

The microbiota that inhabits vertebrates exerts strong effects on host physiology and can be crucial to the development of a normal phenotype. This includes development of the immune system, somatic growth and maintenance, and morphogenesis. However, the genetic background of the host can also affect these life history traits.

The Effect of the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations on Mammography Rates.

Objective: To examine the effect of a change in U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening guidelines on mammography rates in the United States.