Gut Neuropathies and Intestinal Motility Disorders.

Background: The enteric nervous system plays a key role in the coordination of gastrointestinal motility together with sympathetic, parasympathetic, and extrinsic sensory pathways. In some cases, abnormalities in neural activity in these pathways contribute to disorders of gut motility. Where this is associated with damage or death of enteric neurons, usually detected by microscopy, this is considered a gut neuropathy.

Priorities for research on improving health behaviours for optimal mental health of Australian university students: A twin-panel Delphi study.

Issue Addressed: University students are at risk of poor health behaviours which negatively affect mental health and wellbeing. Informing the implementation of appropriate strategies to support Australian university students' health and wellbeing, requires quality evidence. This study aimed to identify research priorities for improving health behaviours to optimise mental health of Australian university students.

Positional obstructive sleep apnea in children prescribed continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing.

Positional obstructive sleep apnea, in which there is a ≥ 2:1 predominance of obstructive events in the supine position, is a sleep-disordered breathing phenotype with a targeted treatment in the form of positional device therapy. We sought to determine the prevalence of positional obstructive sleep apnea in a cohort of children prescribed continuous positive airway pressure therapy, ascertain risk factors for the condition, and determine the associated continuous positive airway pressure treatment adherence rate. A retrospective cohort study of all children > 2 years old from a single tertiary paediatric centre prescribed continuous positive airway pressure therapy over an 8-year period was conducted.

Creative Aging: Unraveling the Psychosocial Benefits of Art Among Germany's Oldest Old. Findings From the Nationally Representative Study "Old Age in Germany (D80+)".

Objective: There is a dearth of studies examining the link between artistic activity and psychosocial outcomes exclusively among the oldest old. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between artistic activity and psychosocial outcomes among individuals aged 80 years and over in Germany.

Methods/design: Data for this analysis were taken from the "Old Age in Germany (D80+)" study, a nationwide sample encompassing both community-dwelling individuals aged 80 and above, as well as those residing in care facilities.

Tumour Mutational Burden and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Continuous Modelling Approach.

Background: Tumour mutational burden (TMB) is an established biomarker for patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The optimal TMB cut-off is uncertain. It is also uncertain whether there is a sharp TMB threshold or a more graduated change in clinical outcomes as TMB increases.

Interventions for quitting vaping.

Rationale: There is limited guidance on the best ways to stop using nicotine-containing vapes (otherwise known as e-cigarettes) and ensure long-term abstinence, whilst minimising the risk of tobacco smoking and other unintended consequences. Treatments could include pharmacological interventions, behavioural interventions, or both.

Objectives: To conduct a living systematic review assessing the benefits and harms of interventions to help people stop vaping compared to each other or to placebo or no intervention.

Investigation and Treatment of Infertility in a Female Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).

A zoo-based, 11-year-old, uniparous southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) failed to conceive after weaning a calf. Behavioral observation and fecal progestagen monitoring confirmed irregular estrous cycles. Serial transrectal reproductive ultrasound examination revealed the cause to be recurrent anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles (AHFs).

The Protective Role of Ambient Ultraviolet Radiation Against Dementia: An Ecological Analysis of Global Data.

Background And Aims: This study investigates the global impact of ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on dementia incidence, addressing its controversial association with dementia risk. UVR, through both vitamin D-dependent and independent mechanisms, influences physiological processes essential for brain health, such as reducing neuroinflammation, improving sleep regulation, and enhancing neuroplasticity. This study aims to clarify the relationship between UVR and dementia incidence and evaluate its role in public health strategies for dementia prevention.

The Impact of Being Present During Resuscitation on Family Members: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Background And Aims: Family members of patients who are undergoing resuscitation may experience complex psychological challenges, including anxiety, depression, or posttraumatic stress symptoms. Although several studies have identified positive experiences of family members who were given the option to be present during their loved one's resuscitation, the actual impact of family presence during resuscitation on family members remains elusive and needs to be explored comprehensively. This review aims to identify the impact of being present during the resuscitation event of adult patients in in-hospital settings on family members.

Flow and intuition: a systems neuroscience comparison.

This paper explores the relationship between intuition and flow from a neurodynamics perspective. Flow and intuition represent two cognitive phenomena rooted in nonconscious information processing; however, there are clear differences in both their phenomenal characteristics and, more broadly, their contribution to action and cognition. We propose, extrapolating from dual processing theory, that intuition serves as a rapid, nonconscious decision-making process, while flow facilitates this process in action, achieving optimal cognitive control and performance without [conscious] deliberation.

Consumer opinion on the use of machine learning in healthcare settings: A qualitative systematic review.

Introduction: Given the increasing number of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) tools in healthcare, we aimed to gain an understanding of consumer perspectives on the use of AI/ML tools for healthcare diagnostics.

Methods: We conducted a qualitative systematic review, following established standardized methods, of the existing literature indexed in the following databases up to 4 April 2022: OVID MEDLINE, OVID EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science.

Results: Fourteen studies were identified as appropriate for inclusion in the meta-synthesis and systematic review.

Mapping the reporting practices in recent randomised controlled trials published in : A scoping review of methodological quality.

Unlabelled: The official medical journals of scientific societies advocate for high-quality standards. It's important to assess whether randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in influential journals, such as the hybrid journal of the European Society of , and (), adhere to reporting guidelines and best practices. Therefore, the present scoping review aimed to explore and map the reporting practices and methodological quality in recent RCTs published in the () journal, focusing on identifying gaps in adherence to reporting guidelines and transparency.

A Retrospective Analysis of 190 Patients With Scoliosis Referred to a Private Australian Clinical Advisory Service Between 2017 and 2020.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with scoliosis from Australian primary care practices.

Methods: A retrospective review of 190 patient records from August 2017 to April 2020 from a private Australian clinical advisory service database was performed. Deidentified demographic and clinical data were collated and analyzed, along with information regarding the referring practitioners and any accompanying clinical or paraclinical information.

Enhancing electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution engineering unsaturated electronic structures in MoS.

The search for efficient, earth-abundant electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has identified unsaturated molybdenum disulfide (MoS) as a leading candidate. This review synthesises recent advancements in the engineering of MoS to enhance its electrocatalytic properties. It focuses on strategies for designing an unsaturated electronic structure on metal catalytic centers and their role in boosting the efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Long-Term Demographic Trends of Near Threatened Coastal Dolphins Living in an Urban Estuary.

Understanding population demography of threatened species and how they vary in relation to natural and anthropogenic stressors is essential for effective conservation. We used a long-term photographic capture-recapture dataset (1993-2020) of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins () in the highly urbanised Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary (ADS), South Australia, to estimate key demographic parameters and their variability over time. These parameters were analysed in relation to environmental variables used as indicators of local and large-scale climatic events.

Reliability and validity of four cognitive interpretation bias measures in the context of social anxiety.

People with social anxiety disorder tend to interpret ambiguous social information in a negative rather than positive manner. Such interpretation biases may cause and maintain anxiety symptoms. However, there is considerable variability in the observed effects across studies, with some not finding a relationship between interpretation biases and social anxiety.

Facile Synthesis of Oxazolidinones as Potential Antibacterial Agents.

An efficient microwave-assisted synthesis route for novel oxazolidinone analogues has been developed. The general synthesis of these compounds began with an L-proline-mediated three-component Mannich reaction between commercially available 3-fluoro-4-morpholinoaniline, aqueous formaldehyde and α-hydroxyacetone. This was followed by a one-step cyclisation to form the core structure of oxazolidinone antibiotics which was subsequently derivatized.

Developing an ethical framework for informed consent using human fetal and embryological collections: An Australian perspective.

The term "human fetal and embryological collections" refers to repositories or archives that house remains of human fetuses and embryos. Most of these remains have been obtained without informed consent from the next of kin, thus reflecting a time in history where this may have been acceptable. Previous quantitative studies seeking stakeholder perceptions toward these collections suggest that there is misalignment with the values of society today, and the current guiding frameworks pertaining to these collections.

An Exploration of Adults Transitioning Into Retirements' Perspectives on Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity.

Issue Addressed: Australian adults transitioning into retirement aged 55-75 years (> 50%) do not meet the World Health Organization recommendation of physical activity (PA). One potential strategy to promote PA is through vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA). This study aimed to investigate barriers and facilitators from adults transitioning to retirement about participation in VILPA and to identify strategies to promote and implement VILPA.

A retrospective analysis of cardiovascular outcomes of clozapine treated individuals within Hunter New England.

Background: Clozapine has demonstrated superiority in improving both positive and negative symptoms of treatment-resistant schizophrenia; however, there are associated treatment-limiting side effects, including myocarditis, cardiomyopathy and agranulocytosis.

Aim: This retrospective cohort study describes the prevalence of myocarditis, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in a cohort of patients maintained on clozapine therapy.

Methods: Data were retrospectively collated from patients who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, had been managed with clozapine at any stage during their care and undergone at least one echocardiogram.

Increased Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon and Persistent Molecules in Allochthonous Blue Carbon Ecosystems.

Coastal wetlands contain very large carbon (C) stocks-termed as blue C-and their management has emerged as a promising nature-based solution for climate adaptation and mitigation. The interactions among sources, pools, and molecular compositions of soil organic C (SOC) within blue C ecosystems (BCEs) remain elusive. Here, we explore these interactions along an 18,000 km long coastal line of salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses in China.

The Impacts of Engagement in Men's Sheds on Incidental Physical Activity and Wellbeing Outcomes.

Background: As a large proportion of older adults are insufficiently active, it is imperative to identify ways to increase incidental physical activity. Men's Sheds, a mutual-aid, community-based organisation appear to be a promising approach for optimising wellbeing outcomes.

Objectives: To investigate whether Men's Sheds attendance is associated with higher levels of physical activity, and the relationships between physical activity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and wellbeing in Men's Shed members.

The effect of moisture during development on phenotypes of egg-laying reptiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The embryonic environment is critical for the development of many ectothermic vertebrates, which makes them highly vulnerable to environmental change. Changes in temperature and moisture, in particular, are known to influence embryo survival and offspring phenotypes. While most papers concerning phenotypic development of terrestrial ectotherms focus on the role of temperature on eggs and embryos, the comparatively small number of studies on the effects of substrate moisture are well suited for quantitative analysis aimed at guiding future research.