Update of the consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media and sinusitis.

Update of the consensus on acute otitis media (AOM) (2012) and sinusitis (2013) following the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines in the immunization schedule, and related changes, such as epidemiological variation, colonization by of nonvaccine serotypes and emerging antimicrobial resistances. A majority of studies show that the introduction of the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine has been followed by a reduction in the nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus, with an increase in the proportion of drug-resistant nonvaccine serotypes. The diagnosis of AOM is still clinical, although more stringent criteria are proposed, which are based on the visualization of abnormalities in the tympanic membrane and the findings of pneumatic otoscopy performed by trained clinicians.

[Translated article] Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA) v.5.1. Highlights and Controversies.

In this fifth phase of development, the contents of the Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA), which include versions 5.0 and 5.1, have undergone a thorough review.

Management of Helicobacter pylori infection in the pediatric age.

The management of Helicobacter pylori infection in children is a consistent problem in clinical practice. Over the years, many questions have been raised regarding symptoms associated with the infection, the diagnostic methods and type of treatment. What is most controversial is determining the criteria that enable us to initiate and carry out the study in children.

[Management of Helicobacter pylori infection in the pediatric age].

The management of Helicobacter pylori infection in children is a consistent problem in clinical practice. Over the years, many questions have been raised regarding symptoms associated with the infection, the diagnostic methods and type of treatment. What is most controversial is determining the criteria that enable us to initiate and carry out the study in children.

Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA) VERSION 5.1. Highlights and Controversies.

In this fifth phase of development, the contents of the Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA), which include versions 5.0 and 5.1, have undergone a thorough review.

[Diagnosis and treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis. Consensus document update].

An update of the Spanish consensus document on the diagnosis and treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis is presented. Clinical scores should not be used to prescribe antibiotics, unless microbiological tests are not available or there is a child at risk of rheumatic fever. There is no score better than those set out in the previous consensus.

[Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection].

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the growth of microorganisms in a sterile urine culture in a patient with compatible clinical symptoms. The presence of bacteria without any symptoms is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria, and does not require any treatment. In neonates and infants, fever is the guiding sign to suspecting a UTI.

[The sleep in children with neurodevelopmental disorders].

Adequate sleep is of critical need for a typical synaptic development and brain maturation, a poor quality sleep can have detrimental effects on children's' cognitive attention, memory, mood regulation, and behavior functions. Great concern has been voiced out regarding the high prevalence of poor sleep in children worldwide, the effects of poor sleep may be even more pronounced in children with neurodevelopmental disorders; these children often have difficulties with falling and staying asleep and with night awakenings, this has a strong association with daytime behavior problems. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the state of the science of sleep in children with a neurodevelopmental disorder.

[Recommendations for the use of rapid diagnosis techniques in respiratory infections in primary care].

Respiratory tract infections rank first as causes of adult and paediatric infectious morbidity in primary care in Spain. These infections are usually self-limiting and are mainly caused by viruses. However, a high percentage of unnecessary antibiotic prescription is reported.

[Insomnia in children and adolescents. A consensus document].

Insomnia is very common during childhood (30% of children under 5), and causes a serious cognitive and emotional consequence in learning, as well as significant medical comorbidity. It also affects the quality of life, not only of the child, but also of the whole family. Paediatrician training in its diagnosis and treatment is usually poor.

[SEIP-AEPAP-SEPEAP consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial skin infections in out-patients].

Skin infections are a common cause for dermatological consultations in the paediatric setting. A review is presented of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of the main bacterial skin infections, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of super-infected puncture and bite wounds. The most prevalent bacteria in skin infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

[Consensus document on the clinical use of melatonin in children and adolescents with sleep-onset insomnia].

Sleep problems are highly prevalent among our children and adolescents. Its treatment is mainly based on cognitive behavioural therapies and habit modification procedures. However, the use of sleep promoting drugs and substances is widespread without being supported by clinical guidelines.