Nephrotoxicity in snake envenomation.

There is a broad spectrum of renal involvement following snake envenomation. At the clinical level the renal manifestation may be absent or minimal. Mild proteinuria with abnormal urinary sediment may be observed.

Hugh Alistair Reid OBE MD: investigation and treatment of snake bite.

Alistair Reid was an outstanding clinician, epidemiologist and scientist. At the Penang General Hospital, Malaya, his careful observation of sea snake poisoning revealed that sea snake venoms were myotoxic in man leading to generalized rhabdomyolysis, and were not neurotoxic as observed in animals. In 1961, Reid founded and became the first Honorary Director of the Penang Institute of Snake and Venom Research.

Venomous snakebite in Thailand. I: Medically important snakes.

Thailand has an abundance of venomous snakes. Among the neurotoxic family Elapidae, there are three species of the genus Naja (cobras), three of the genus Bungarus (kraits), and the king cobra of the genus Ophiophagus. Other Elapidae snakes in Thailand include sea snakes and Asian coral snakes of the genus Calliophis.

The nephrotoxicity of fractionated components of Aipysurus laevis venom.

Six major venom fractions were obtained when crude Aipysurus laevis (Olive sea snake) venom was fractionated by standard HPLC techniques. Subcutaneous doses of between 9.5-20.

Medical studies of poisonous land and sea snakes.

The comparative toxicity and pathophysiology of thirteen (13) of poisonous snakes indigenous to the area in and around Saudi Arabia were determined. Four snakes from the Viperidae family, six from the Elapidae family, and three representative sea snakes from the family Hydrophiodae were included. Anesthetized adult Beagle dogs and anesthetized monkeys were used in the study.

1991 Sir Henry Wellcome Medal and Prize recipient. Medical studies of the poisonous land and sea snakes found in and around Saudi Arabia.

Studies were carried out to determine the comparative toxicity and pathophysiology of 13 of the more poisonous snakes indigenous to Saudi Arabia. Included were four snakes from the Viperidae family, six from the Elapidae family, and three representative sea snakes from the family Hydrophidae. Anesthetized adult beagle dogs and anesthetized monkeys were used in the study.

Admissions for suspected snake bite to the Perth adult teaching hospitals, 1979 to 1988.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of snake bite in Perth, and the likelihood of envenomation.

Design: Information from case notes was retrospectively analysed.

Setting: Emergency medicine, teaching hospitals.

Snake bite in Kelantanese children: a five year experience.

The records associated with 83 children from 16 months to 12 years of age who were admitted with snake bite to Kota Bharu General Hospital and University Hospital, Universiti Sains Malaysia over a 5 year period were reviewed. Elapid bites were more common than viper bites while sea-snake bites were not recorded. Symptoms were relatively mild, the common clinical features being pain and local swelling.

Biotoxicology of sea snake venoms.

Sea snakes are the most abundant venomous reptiles, found throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Divided into two subfamilies, Laticaudinae and Hydrophiinae, all sea snakes are poisonous. Venoms are highly toxic, as indicated by low LD50 values in test animals.

Sea snake envenomation at Bondi.

A rare occurrence of serious envenomation by a sea snake in the waters of a popular Sydney beach is reported. A 19-year-old man was bitten while swimming, then quickly developed major proximal neuromuscular complications. Prompt, effective first aid (firm limb bandaging and splinting), transport to hospital, and administration of antivenom led to the rapid, full recovery of the patient who was discharged from hospital on the following day.

Reptile envenomations.

Venomous reptiles are distributed in select habitats in temperate and tropical areas of the world with few geographical exceptions, and have adapted to not only terrestial existence, but to arboreal and aquatic environments as well. Venomous snakes are found in the families Colubridae (fixed and rear fanged snakes), Elapidae (fixed and front fang snakes), Hydrophiidae (sea snakes), Viperidae (Old World vipers) and Crotalidae (pit vipers). Venomous lizards are found in the United States and Mexico, and comprise the family Helodermatidae.