Toxic Posterior Segment Syndrome Presenting as Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis following Vitreoretinal Surgery.

Purpose: To report a rare retinal manifestation of toxic posterior segment syndrome following vitreoretinal surgery.

Methods: In this case series, we report three cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment for which pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil injection was done. All three patients developed an intense anterior chamber reaction along with occlusive vasculitis-like fundus picture.

Water-Drinking Test in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal changes in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) patients after water-drinking test (WDT).

Methods: This prospective study included treatment-naïve acute and chronic CSCR eyes and healthy controls. Intraocular pressure and optical coherence tomography measurements with choroidal vascular index (CVI) measurements were done at baseline.

Impact of treatment of diabetic macular edema on visual impairment in people with diabetes mellitus in India.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to report visual and anatomical outcomes following treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME) in clinical practice in India.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with DME who were initiated on treatment and followed up for at least 1 year at 9 tertiary eye care centers during 2016-2017 was performed. Data on demographics, systemic illnesses, visual acuity and anatomical characteristics of DME, treatment history were collated and analyzed for change in visual acuity level and central macular thickness at 1 year.

Molecular Assessment of Epiretinal Membrane: Activated Microglia, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

Fibrocellular membrane or epiretinal membrane (ERM) forms on the surface of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in the inner retina and alters the structure and function of the retina. ERM formation is frequently observed in ocular inflammatory conditions, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and retinal detachment (RD). Although peeling of the ERM is used as a surgical intervention, it can inadvertently distort the retina.

Prepapillary vascular loop-a new classification.

Background/objectives: To analyze the ophthalmic characteristics of congenital prepapillary vascular loop (PVL) and to propose a new morphologic classification dividing the loops into six types.

Subjects/methods: Collaborative multinational multicentre retrospective study of PVL cases.

Results: There was a total of 49 cases (61 eyes), 37 unilateral (75.

The Clinical Characteristics of Unilateral Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathies.

: Placoid-pigment-epitheliopathies like Acute-Posterior-Multifocal-Placoid-Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) and Relentless-Placoid-Choroidopathy (RPC) usually show bilateral involvement. This retrospective case series describes the clinical features with unilateral disease onset.: 21 patients from 9 tertiary referring institutions were collected and evaluated.

CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX AND CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN EYES WITH RETICULAR PSEUDODRUSEN.

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal vascularity index (CVI), choroidal thickness, choroidal volume, and choroidal intensity in subjects with nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration (NNVAMD) with and without reticular pseudodrusen (RPD).

Methods: We included 60 eyes of 35 subjects with NNVAMD (including 30 eyes of 18 subjects with RPD) and 30 eyes of 17 age-matched healthy individuals from the ongoing Amish Eye study. The choroid was segmented from dense volume spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans and choroidal thickness (microns), choroidal intensity (log units), and choroidal volume (mm) from the entire macula (6 × 6 mm) were computed.

Prevalence of resolved paracentral acute middle maculopathy lesions in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral retinal vein occlusion.

Purpose: To study the prevalence of resolved paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) lesions in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and eyes of healthy individuals.

Methods: This case-control observational study took place in a referral university medical centre. Forty-five (17 males, 28 females, 64.

Central serous chorioretinopathy: Towards an evidence-based treatment guideline.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common cause of central vision loss, primarily affecting men 20-60 years of age. To date, no consensus has been reached regarding the classification of CSC, and a wide variety of interventions have been proposed, reflecting the controversy associated with treating this disease. The recent publication of appropriately powered randomised controlled trials such as the PLACE trial, as well as large retrospective, non-randomised treatment studies regarding the treatment of CSC suggest the feasibility of a more evidence-based approach when considering treatment options.

Percentage Choroidal Thickness: Another View on Analysis of Choroidal Thickness Using Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

: To present an analysis of the percentage choroidal thickness (PCT) and evaluate PCT profile in eyes with different axial length (AL). : Axial length (AL) measurements and spectral domain optical coherence tomography examinations, including radial 9-mm scan and 4 circle scans with diameter of 3.0, 5.

Characterization of Choroidal Nevi with Dark-Field Infrared Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy.

Purpose: To compare dark-field (DF) scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) against en face OCT and color fundus photography (CFP) in imaging of choroidal nevi and determining lesion area and to describe the characteristics of choroidal nevi using DF SLO.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Participants: Multimodal imaging, including DF SLO, OCT, and CFP, was performed in 24 patients (24 eyes; 10 men and 14 women; mean age, 45.

A Multinational Comparison of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Use: The United States, the United Kingdom, and Asia-Pacific.

Purpose: A comparison of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medication use across multiple countries.

Clinical Relevance: Anti-VEGF medication use is now considered first-line treatment for numerous retinal diseases globally. Exploring medication choices, costs within each healthcare system, policy challenges, emerging treatments, and patient access all provide insight into a newly recognized and major public health issue.

Role of OCT Angiography in the Detection of Retinal Vascular and Macular Abnormalities in Subjects with Asteroid Hyalosis.

: To study the role of Optical coherence tomography (OCT) Angiography (OCTA) in detecting retinal vascular and macular abnormalities as compared to Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) in subjects with Asteroid hyalosis (AH).: In a prospective study, patients with AH underwent OCTA and FFA. AH graded as Grade 1 in 8 (optic disc, second order vessels visible), Grade 2 in 4 (optic disc, first-order vessels visible), Grade 3 in 11 (hazy view of optic disc) and Grade 4 (no view of fundus) in 2 eyes.

Management of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

New treatment modalities for the management of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) now exist. While acute CSC generally resolves without the requirement for intervention, chronic CSC has been associated with persistent disruption in visual function. Current treatment approaches include photodynamic therapy, oral aldosterone antagonism and subthreshold multifocal laser.

Macular edema resolution assessment with implantable dexamethasone in diabetic retinopathy (MERIT): a pilot study.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone implantation on the hard exudates (HEX) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

Study Design: This was a nonrandomized open-label single-center prospective trial.

Methods: This study included 15 eyes of 11 subjects with DME.

Comparison of different settings for yellow subthreshold laser treatment in diabetic macular edema.

Background: To assess the safety and efficacy of two subthreshold parameters (5 and 15% duty cycle (DC)) compared to standard ETDRS (early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study) continuous wave (CW) laser.

Methods: In this prospective randomized study, 30 eyes from 20 patients with non-center involving macular edema were randomized into 3 different groups: 5% DC, 15% DC and CW navigated modified ETDRS laser treatment. Titration in subthreshold groups was performed with 30% of the threshold power, decided with microsecond pulses.

Biomarkers and predictors for functional and anatomic outcomes for small gauge pars plana vitrectomy and peeling of the internal limiting membrane in naïve diabetic macular edema: The VITAL Study.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate biomarkers and predictive factors for visual and anatomical outcome in patients with naïve diabetic macular edema (DME) who underwent small gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling as a first line treatment.

Design: Multicenter, retrospective, interventional study.

Participants: 120 eyes from 120 patients with naïve DME treated with PPV and ILM peeling with a follow up of 24 months.

Community care for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma in India: A panel discussion.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and glaucoma are emerging causes of blindness and visual impairment in India and the world. Both diseases do not have any early warning symptoms, and once the symptoms appear, the diseases are reasonably advanced. Because of the long-standing nature of the diseases, one cannot adopt the cataract detection and treatment model so successfully developed in India.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in African Americans at Wilmer Eye Institute.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) in African Americans/blacks within an academic center in a predominantly African American city, as the current belief is that CSC is rare in this population.

Methods: A retrospective review of all patients' charts diagnosed with CSC at Wilmer Eye Institute/Johns Hopkins University from August 2009-August 2015 was conducted via an electronic health record search (EPIC). The charts were categorized by self-reported race and gender.

Automated quantification of Haller's layer in choroid using swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Objective: To develop an algorithm for automated quantification of Haller's layer in choroid using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Background: So far, to understand the association of various diseases with structural changes of choroid, only gross indicators such as thickness, volume and vascularity index have been examined. However, certain diseases affect specific sublayers of the choroid.

Knowledge, attitude and practices on diabetes, hypertension and diabetic retinopathy and the factors that motivate screening for diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a pyramidal model of eye health care.

Introduction: To report the results of a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study related to diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension and diabetic retinopathy (DR) of patient populations in India at different levels (Tertiary (T), Secondary (S) and Primary (P)) of a pyramidal model of eye health care.

Methods: In total, 202 participants, composed of equal numbers of diabetic and non-diabetic patients at a Tertiary urban facility (T), a Secondary rural facility (S) and a Primary (P) community-screening program, were surveyed on their knowledge, knowledge sources, attitudes, practices and factors that motivate use of eye health services.

Results: People with diabetes had a higher mean knowledge and attitude score about DM, hypertension and DR (67.

Analysis of yield of retinal imaging in a rural diabetes eye care model.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the yield of retinal images obtained in a rural diabetes eye care model.

Methods: An analysis of a sample of nonmydriatic fundus photography (NMFP) of posterior segment ophthalmic images, obtained by an indigenous equipment (3 nethra-Forus Royal), was done in a district-wide rural diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program; a trained optometrist did the initial image grading. DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) were classified based on international DR and DME severity scale.

Topography-guided identification of leakage point in central serous chorioretinopathy: a base for fluorescein angiography-free focal laser photocoagulation.

Purpose: To identify optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings associated with the leakage points in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) to provide fluorescein angiography (FA)-free focal laser photocoagulation (FLP) of the leakage point.

Methods: A retrospective study included 48 patients with CSC (48 eyes). Colocalisation of leakage points with pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) and with areas of photoreceptor outer segments (PROS) layer thinning was evaluated with OCT.

Semi-automated quantification of hard exudates in colour fundus photographs diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Hard exudates (HEs) are the classical sign of diabetic retinopathy (DR) which is one of the leading causes of blindness, especially in developing countries. Accordingly, disease screening involves examining HEs qualitatively using fundus camera. However, for monitoring the treatment response, quantification of HEs becomes crucial and hence clinicians now seek to measure the area of HEs in the digital colour fundus (CF) photographs.