International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity, Third Edition.

Purpose: The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity is a consensus statement that creates a standard nomenclature for classification of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). It was initially published in 1984, expanded in 1987, and revisited in 2005. This article presents a third revision, the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity, Third Edition (ICROP3), which is now required because of challenges such as: (1) concerns about subjectivity in critical elements of disease classification; (2) innovations in ophthalmic imaging; (3) novel pharmacologic therapies (e.

Feature Counting Is Impaired When Shifting Attention Between the Eyes in Adults With Amblyopia.

Background: Feature counting requires rapid shifts of attention in the visual field and reflects higher-level cortical functions. This process is drastically impaired in the amblyopic eye of strabismic amblyopes. In this study, we hypothesized that feature counting performance in anisometropic and strabismic amblyopes is further impaired when shifts in attention is required between the eyes.

A covered eye fails to follow an object moving in depth.

To clearly view approaching objects, the eyes rotate inward (vergence), and the intraocular lenses focus (accommodation). Current ocular control models assume both eyes are driven by unitary vergence and unitary accommodation commands that causally interact. The models typically describe discrete gaze shifts to non-accommodative targets performed under laboratory conditions.

Eye Movements in Macular Degeneration.

In healthy vision, the fovea provides high acuity and serves as the locus for fixation achieved through saccadic eye movements. Bilateral loss of the foveal regions in both eyes causes individuals to adopt an eccentric locus for fixation. This review deals with the eye movement consequences of the loss of the foveal oculomotor reference and the ability of individuals to use an eccentric fixation locus as the new oculomotor reference.

Mapping the binocular scotoma in macular degeneration.

When the scotoma is binocular in macular degeneration (MD), it often obscures objects of interest, causing individuals to miss information. To map the binocular scotoma as precisely as current methods that map the monocular scotoma, we propose an iterative eye-tracker method. Study participants included nine individuals with MD and four age-matched controls.

A gain-control disparity energy model for perceived depth from disparity.

Luminance contrast is one of the key factors in the visibility of objects in the world around us. Previous work has shown that the perceived depth from binocular disparity depends profoundly on the luminance contrast of the image. This dependence cannot be explained by existing disparity models, such as the well-established disparity energy model, because they predict no effect of luminance contrast on depth perception.

Visual Function in Eyes with Intermediate AMD with and without Retinal Pigment Abnormalities.

Significance: In intermediate AMD, a simple, clinically feasible vision test of sensitivity to radial deformation is significantly more impaired in eyes with hyperpigmentation than in eyes with large drusen but normal retinal pigmentation, consistent with the former's increased risk of progression to advanced AMD. This ongoing longitudinal study will determine whether this vision measure is predictive of progression to advanced AMD.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether simple, clinically feasible psychophysical measures distinguish between two levels of intermediate AMD that differ in their risk of progression to advanced AMD: eyes with large macular drusen and retinal pigment abnormalities versus eyes with large macular drusen without pigment abnormalities.

Multipurpose Spatiomotor Capture System for Haptic and Visual Training and Testing in the Blind and Sighted.

We describe the development of a multipurpose haptic stimulus delivery and spatiomotor recording system with tactile map-overlays for electronic processing This innovative multipurpose spatiomotor capture system will serve a wide range of functions in the training and behavioral assessment of spatial memory and precise motor control for blindness rehabilitation, both for STEM learning and for navigation training and map reading. Capacitive coupling through the map-overlays to the touch-tablet screen below them allows precise recording i) of hand movements during haptic exploration of tactile raised-line images on one tablet and ii) of line-drawing trajectories on the other, for analysis of navigational errors, speed, time elapsed, etc. Thus, this system will provide for the first time in an integrated and automated manner quantitative assessments of the whole 'perception-cognition-action' loop - from non-visual exploration strategies, spatial memory, precise spatiomotor control and coordination, drawing performance, and navigation capabilities, as well as of haptic and movement planning and control.

CD10 Cells and IgM in Pathogen Response in Lumpfish () Eye Tissues.

Lumpfish (), a North Atlantic "cleaner" fish, is utilized to biocontrol salmon louse () in Atlantic salmon () farms. Lumpfish require excellent vision to scan for and eat louse on salmon skin. The lumpfish eye immune response to infectious diseases has not been explored.

Perspective on Vision: The Visual System as a Black Box.

Vision is a complex phenomenon that can be addressed from different points of view. Input to the visual system consists of visual stimuli, the final output is visually guided behavior, while visual perceptions are an intermediate product. Clinicians often start by considering the input-related aspects that can be addressed by medical and surgical means.

Indoor Localization for Visually Impaired Travelers Using Computer Vision on a Smartphone.

Wayfinding is a major challenge for visually impaired travelers, who generally lack access to visual cues such as landmarks and informational signs that many travelers rely on for navigation. Indoor wayfinding is particularly challenging since the most commonly used source of location information for wayfinding, GPS, is inaccurate indoors. We describe a computer vision approach to indoor localization that runs as a real-time app on a conventional smartphone, which is intended to support a full-featured wayfinding app in the future that will include turn-by-turn directions.

Harmonization of Outcomes and Vision Endpoints in Vision Restoration Trials: Recommendations from the International HOVER Taskforce.

Translational research in vision prosthetics, gene therapy, optogenetics, stem cell and other forms of transplantation, and sensory substitution is creating new therapeutic options for patients with neural forms of blindness. The technical challenges faced by each of these disciplines differ considerably, but they all face the same challenge of how to assess vision in patients with ultra-low vision (ULV), who will be the earliest subjects to receive new therapies. Historically, there were few tests to assess vision in ULV patients.

Visual experience is not necessary for the development of face-selectivity in the lateral fusiform gyrus.

The fusiform face area responds selectively to faces and is causally involved in face perception. How does face-selectivity in the fusiform arise in development, and why does it develop so systematically in the same location across individuals? Preferential cortical responses to faces develop early in infancy, yet evidence is conflicting on the central question of whether visual experience with faces is necessary. Here, we revisit this question by scanning congenitally blind individuals with fMRI while they haptically explored 3D-printed faces and other stimuli.

Feature Counting Under Dichoptic Viewing in Anisometropic and Strabismic Amblyopia.

Purpose: While using their amblyopic eye, individuals with strabismic amblyopia count inaccurately and underestimate the number of features. These deficits are attributed to limitations in high-level cortical functions and attention. In the current study, we examined whether feature counting is affected in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia during dichoptic viewing, a setup that can better capture binocular function disruptions.

Towards Accessible Audio Labeling of 3D Objects.

We describe a new approach to audio labeling of 3D objects such as appliances, 3D models and maps that enables a visually impaired person to audio label objects. Our approach to audio labeling is called CamIO, a smartphone app that issues audio labels when the user points to a (a location of interest on an object) with a handheld stylus viewed by the smartphone camera. The CamIO app allows a user to create a new hotspot location by pointing at the location with a second stylus and recording a personalized audio label for the hotspot.

Simple Vision Function Tests that Distinguish Eyes with Early to Intermediate Age-related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To present and compare baseline vision findings in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration (E-AMD), intermediate AMD (I-AMD), and age-similar participants with normal aging changes to the retina (No-AMD).

Methods: Two hundred and thirty-seven eyes of 125 individuals (66.4% female, mean age 75.

Ocular dominance plasticity: Molecular mechanisms revisited.

Ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) is a type of cortical plasticity operating in visual cortex of mammals that are endowed with binocular vision based on the competition-driven disparity. Earlier, a molecular mechanism was proposed that catecholamines play an important role in the maintenance of ODP in kittens. Having survived the initial test, the hypothesis was further advanced to identify noradrenaline (NA) as a key factor that regulates ODP in the immature cortex.

A novel method for calculating beta band burst durations in Parkinson's disease using a physiological baseline.

Background: Pathologically prolonged bursts of neural activity in the 8-30 Hz frequency range in Parkinson's disease have been measured using high power event detector thresholds.

New Method: This study introduces a novel method for determining beta bursts using a power baseline based on spectral activity that overlapped a simulated 1/f spectrum. We used resting state local field potentials from people with Parkinson's disease and a simulated 1/f signal to measure beta burst durations, to demonstrate how tuning parameters (i.

Eye, head, and gaze contributions to smooth pursuit in macular degeneration.

Macular degeneration (MD) often leads to the loss of the fovea and surrounding central visual field. This type of visual loss is very common and can present particular challenges for oculomotor tasks that may rely on the fovea. For certain tasks, individuals develop a new, eccentric fixational locus.

Predicting Stereopsis in Macular Degeneration.

Each of our eyes sees a slightly different view of the physical world. Disparity is the small difference in position of features in the retinal images; stereopsis is the percept of depth from disparity. A distance between corresponding features in the retinal images of the two eyes smaller than the "upper disparity limit" yields a percept of depth; distances greater than this limit cause the two unfused monocular features to appear flattened into the fixation plane.

Short-term Outcomes After Very Low-Dose Intravitreous Bevacizumab for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Importance: Intravitreous bevacizumab (0.25 mg to 0.625 mg) is commonly used to treat type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), but there are concerns about systemic toxicity, particularly the risk of neurodevelopmental delay.