12,483 results match your criteria: "Smallpox"
Influenza B/Yamagata cannot currently be declared extinct.
Vaccine
January 2025
Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Mpox global health emergency: Insights into the virus, immune responses, and advancements in vaccines PART II: Insights into the advancements in vaccines.
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol
September 2024
Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Mpox is currently a global health emergency. This review (Part II) aims to provide insights into Mpox vaccines and their advancements, offering easily digestible information for healthcare workers and researchers. Current Mpox vaccines are all live-attenuated, previously approved for smallpox, and are classified into non-replicating (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic or MVA-BN) and replicating vaccines (Lister clone16m8 KM Biologic or LC16m8KMB and Acambis2000 or ACAM2000).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMpox global health emergency: Insights into the virus, immune responses, and advancements in vaccines PART I: Insights into the virus and immune responses.
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol
September 2024
Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Mpox, the zoonotic disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), is currently a global health emergency. This review (Part I) aims to provide insights into the virus life cycle, epidemiology, host immune responses, and immune evasion mechanisms. Mpox symptoms is similar to smallpox but with lower mortality rates and lower transmissibility.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMVA-BN vaccine effectiveness: A systematic review of real-world evidence in outbreak settings.
Vaccine
December 2024
Bavarian Nordic, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, United States of America.
Background: Mpox is a disease endemic to Central and West Africa. It caused outbreaks in non-endemic countries, mainly in 2022. The endemic Democratic Republic of Congo is currently experiencing its largest outbreak yet.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEdward Jenner: A Beacon of Hope in the Age of Disease.
Cureus
September 2024
Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND.
Edward Jenner, born in 1749 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England is widely recognized as the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine, a breakthrough that paved the way for the eventual eradication of the disease. This article traces Jenner's journey from his early education and apprenticeship under renowned surgeon John Hunter to his groundbreaking work on vaccination. Jenner's keen observations led him to hypothesize that cowpox could provide immunity against smallpox, which he confirmed through an experiment in 1796.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSymic smallpox: From warning to practice.
Medwave
October 2024
Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
Article Synopsis
- The paper investigates the link between maternal smallpox infection and stillbirths using Swedish parish-level data from 1780-1839.
- It finds that smallpox was not a major cause of stillbirths before 1820, as most women had already contracted the disease in childhood.
- A small impact of smallpox on stillbirths was observed between 1820 and 1839 due to waning immunity from vaccination, but the overall prevalence of smallpox at that time limited its effect.
Mpox Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Strategies: A Review.
JAMA
November 2024
Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
Article Synopsis
- * Mpox is mainly transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, with a significant association with sexual activity among gay and bisexual men; symptoms typically include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a progression of skin lesions.
- * Although clade IIb MPXV usually leads to a self-limited illness, severe cases can occur in immunocompromised individuals; supportive care is emphasized, and antiviral treatments are in various access programs or trials,
Vaccine skepticism and vaccine development stages; inoculation from "cowpox" lesion to the current mRNA vaccine of COVID-19: review.
Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother
October 2024
Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Global pandemics can be tackled by two means: lockdowns and vaccinations. As vaccination has a low impact on economic outcomes and better acceptance by people, it is the preferred method by most governments as a medium- to long-term solution. Vaccines have played a significant role in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA seroprevalence study indicates a high proportion of clinically undiagnosed MPXV infections in men who have sex with men in Berlin, Germany.
BMC Infect Dis
October 2024
Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Biological Toxins (ZBS 3), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Article Synopsis
- The 2022 mpox outbreak in Berlin primarily affected men who have sex with men (MSM), highlighting a need to understand the prevalence of undiagnosed cases.
- A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 1,119 MSM participants who provided socio-demographic data and blood samples for serological analysis to identify mpox infections.
- The study found that 7.4% reported a previous mpox diagnosis and identified an additional 91 cases of suspected undiagnosed infections, with those affected more likely to have had multiple condomless anal sex partners.
Edward Jenner's Discovery of Vaccination: Impact and Legacy.
Cureus
September 2024
Department of Nephrology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, IND.
Article Synopsis
- Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in the late 18th century was a major turning point in medical history, changing how diseases are prevented.
- The review looks at Jenner's experimental methods, controversies, and the eventual acceptance of vaccination, emphasizing its impact on modern immunology and public health.
- Jenner's work not only shaped vaccination practices but also set the stage for ongoing public health strategies and highlights his lasting influence in medicine today.*
Therapeutic agents for the treatment of human mpox.
Curr Opin Infect Dis
December 2024
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity.
Article Synopsis
- The study aims to provide an overview of current treatments for mpox (formerly monkeypox) in light of recent outbreaks and the virus's evolution.
- Multiple treatments like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir have been used during the 2022 multicountry outbreak, with tecovirimat being the most studied and showing promising safety and efficacy.
- There is an ongoing need for rigorous randomized controlled trials to better understand these treatments, especially as the virus continues to evolve and present challenges for effective therapy.*
Mpox in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Predictors of Diagnosis, Outcomes, and Vaccine Effectiveness in a Multisite Cohort.
Clin Infect Dis
October 2024
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Article Synopsis
- Monkeypox (mpox) has become more common and serious for people with HIV since 2022, with researchers looking into why some get sick and how others can protect themselves.
- From a study of nearly 20,000 people living with HIV, 413 cases of mpox were found, with specific groups being more at risk, like younger people and those not on treatment for HIV.
- The monkeypox vaccine was shown to be very effective, especially for people with a healthy immune system, but a lot of Black individuals with HIV were not getting vaccinated as often as others.
Edward Jenner: The Pioneer of Vaccination and His Enduring Legacy in Modern Medicine.
Cureus
September 2024
Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND.
Edward Jenner's work in the latter part of the 18th century laid the groundwork for contemporary vaccination techniques and represented a crucial moment in the battle against contagious diseases. Born in 1749 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Jenner received early medical training under the guidance of John Hunter, a distinguished British surgeon. Although variolation offered some immunity to smallpox, it was a hazardous procedure that could result in severe illness or even death.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJenner's Legacy: How Edward Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine Changed Public Health.
Cureus
September 2024
Department of Community Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND.
Article Synopsis
- * His revolutionary use of cowpox to immunize against smallpox transformed approaches to vaccination and led to global efforts in disease eradication.
- * Jenner's work not only spurred advancements in health policies and practices but also established concepts like herd immunity, which continue to influence current vaccination strategies.
Article Synopsis
- * Factors that usually reduce the severity of respiratory viruses include heat sensitivity and changes to virus surface proteins, but certain conditions and human activities could lead to increased pathogenicity.
- * If we manage to mitigate negative influences like poor hygiene and overcrowded settings, SARS-CoV-2 may evolve to be milder over time, although this process could take up to two decades.
Africa aims to avert an mpox pandemic.
Science
October 2024
Salim S. Abdool Karim is the chair of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Emergency Consultative Group, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; director of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; and a professor in the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Last month, when the world's most populus country, India, reported its first case of the new, highly transmissible clade Ib mpox variant, the challenge of containing the virus was once again evident. Only a few weeks before that in August, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) declared mpox a public health emergency in response to its spread in Africa. Since then, cases of clade Ib mpox have been reported in Sweden, Thailand, and Pakistan.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe challenging concept of eradication: A core concept guiding and frustrating public health.
Can J Public Health
February 2025
Division of Medical Ethics, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
The celebrated 1980 announcement that smallpox had been eradicated was made using the following definition of eradication: "Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts: intervention measures are no longer needed." Public health around the world works with this definition of "eradication," setting it as a goal for other infectious disease control programs. The definition is simple.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSpatio-temporal modeling of co-dynamics of smallpox, measles, and pertussis in pre-healthcare Finland.
PeerJ
September 2024
Department of Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Article Synopsis
- * Research often overlooks rural areas when studying infections, leading to a lack of historical data and presenting significant challenges for analysis.
- * A Bayesian spatio-temporal model was applied to 19th-century Finnish parish data, revealing that diseases like measles, pertussis, and smallpox had interconnected dynamics possibly due to weakened immunity from prior infections or nutritional issues.
The Major Role of T Regulatory Cells in the Efficiency of Vaccination in General and Immunocompromised Populations: A Review.
Vaccines (Basel)
August 2024
Department of Urology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
Article Synopsis
- Vaccines have played a crucial role in controlling pandemics since the smallpox vaccine, including the recent COVID-19 outbreak, by activating various immune cells like CD4 and CD8 T cells and B cells.
- Research shows that specific T regulatory cells, like Treg and Tr1, influence how effective vaccines are, especially for immunocompromised individuals.
- Strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy include adjusting dosages, changing administration routes, giving booster shots, and using monoclonal antibodies to minimize Treg activity and stimulate stronger immune responses.
Characterization of the Monkeypox Virus [MPX]-Specific Immune Response in MPX-Cured Individuals Using Whole Blood to Monitor Memory Response.
Vaccines (Basel)
August 2024
Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Article Synopsis
- Monkeypox (Mpox) is a disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), and due to recent outbreaks outside Africa, many may lack immunity specifically for MPXV, though they might have some from past smallpox vaccinations.* -
- The study involved 16 people who recovered from Mpox and 15 healthy controls, using their blood samples to measure T-cell responses after exposure to MPXV and smallpox vaccine peptides.* -
- Results showed that those who recovered from Mpox had a significant immune response featuring multiple immune markers, indicating a mixed immune response that could help track immunity from vaccination or infection in the future.*
Modifications of Mitochondrial Network Morphology Affect the MAVS-Dependent Immune Response in L929 Murine Fibroblasts during Ectromelia Virus Infection.
Pathogens
August 2024
Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
Article Synopsis
- - The discontinuation of the smallpox vaccine in 1980 has led to increased cases of poxvirus infections like monkeypox, raising public health concerns due to lack of immunity in the population.
- - This study uses the ectromelia virus (ECTV), responsible for mousepox, as a model to explore poxvirus behavior and the role of mitochondria in immune response during ECTV infection.
- - Results show that altering the shape of the mitochondrial network affects MAVS-dependent immunity, with elongated networks reducing ECTV replication and fragmented networks leading to increased immune response suppression during infection.
Towards a Comprehensive Definition of Pandemics and Strategies for Prevention: A Historical Review and Future Perspectives.
Microorganisms
August 2024
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
Article Synopsis
- * A refined definition is proposed that emphasizes the broad impacts of pandemics, identifying 22 historic pandemics from 165 to 2024 caused by various diseases, and analyzing their social and health consequences.
- * The text underscores the importance of proactive strategies to prevent future pandemics, including improved surveillance, biodiversity conservation, and global collaboration among stakeholders to address zoonotic threats.
Epidemiology, Virology, and Mutation Landscape of Monkeypox Virus From Past to Present.
Cureus
August 2024
Pharmacy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND.
Article Synopsis
- Monkeypox (Mpox) has evolved from a localized threat in Africa since 1970 to a global concern, with an outbreak in 2022 and ongoing cases in several African countries.
- The monkeypox virus (MPXV) poses significant public health challenges due to its mutation rate and ability to evade immune responses, necessitating global surveillance and research for effective prevention strategies.
- The study emphasizes understanding MPXV's history, complexity, and the role of circadian rhythms in virus replication to inform better control methods and address drug-resistant mutations.