Effectiveness of Tecovirimat in Mpox Cases: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has re-emerged as a significant global health concern, particularly during the widespread outbreak of 2022. As an orthopoxvirus related to the eradicated smallpox virus, mpox has been primarily managed with smallpox vaccines and treatments, including the antiviral agent Tecovirimat. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Tecovirimat in treating mpox, focusing on its use during the 2022 outbreak, especially among high-risk populations, including men who have sex with men and people living with HIV.

Monkeypox (Mpox): Diagnosis and Emerging Challenges.

Monkeypox (Mpox) has once again been designated a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) as of August, 2024. The severity of the disease is underscored by its significant mortality rate, and unfortunately, there are no targeted therapeutics currently available for this viral infection. Management relies on preventive measures and the use of existing smallpox vaccines due to their genetic similarity to the Mpox virus.

[Smallpox vaccination in the Brazilian province of Paraná, 1853-1863].

This study reflects on the efforts to disseminate and administer the smallpox vaccine in the Brazilian province of Paraná between 1853 and 1863, taking a circulation-based perspective. Chronologically, the first milestone is the founding of Paraná and the second is the drafting of the first regulations for vaccination in the province. This research draws on the assumptions of translocal microhistory and the theoretical conceptions expounded by Kapil Raj and Fa-ti Fan.

[Under a pestilent land of lies: misinformation and denialism in the smallpox epidemic in Ceará, Brazil, 1900-1905, and the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, 2020-2022].

The article draws a parallel between two pathological phenomena with great social impact in different settings: the smallpox epidemic in Ceará, northeastern Brazil, between 1900 and 1905, and the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil between 2020 and 2022. Despite the historical and temporal distance between these two episodes, there are some significant similarities in the ways they were conducted politically, especially with regard to the use of fake news and misinformation on the emergency of implementing mass vaccination. The analysis makes extensive use of press reports concerning the covid-19 pandemic and writings by the pharmacist Rodolfo Teófilo, a key figure in the smallpox vaccination campaign in Ceará.

Burden and predictors of M-pox suspected cases in a rural setting of Cameroon: implications for developing countries.

Introduction: M-pox is a re-emerging pathogen that is spreading rapidly in developing countries, presenting a serious health risk. Data are scarce on M-pox and its determinants in endemic countries such as Cameroon. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological burden and factors linked to the resurgence of M-pox in high-risk communities in Cameroon.

Structure-based drug designing for potential antiviral activity of selected natural product against Monkeypox (Mpox) virus and its host targets.

Unlabelled: (MPV/MPXV/hMPXV) is a zoonotic infection that is a causative agent of monkeypox disease, which is mainly endemic in West and Central Africa regions, but recent trends suggested that the virus is transmitted around 116 countries worldwide and is still spreading in multiple non-endemic countries, causing global outbreaks. The current therapeutic options for Mpox are limited, with the WHO temporarily recommending smallpox drugs. This suggests an urgent need to discover new therapeutics that may target both viral and host markers involved in the virus life cycle.

Constant Desbordes Painting of Jean-Louis Alibert Administering the Smallpox Vaccine ("La Vaccine"): An Historic Vaccination or Artistic Imagination?

In 1822, France's Ministry of the Interior, concerned about dropping vaccination rates among the population, commissioned the French artist Constant Joseph Desbordes (1761-1828) to create an artwork that would educate the public about the benefits of the smallpox vaccine. The Painting that resulted is entitled: "La Vaccine" ("The Cowpox Inoculation") and a copy of it is entitled "La Vaccine au Chateau de Liancourt" ("Performing the Vaccination against Smallpox in the Chateau of Liancourt"). The highlight of the painting is its central figure, one of France's most distinguished physicians, Jean-Louis Alibert (1768-1837) performing, in dramatic fashion, the arm to arm method of smallpox vaccination that was common at that time.

Plaque reduction neutralization test for smallpox vaccines: Laboratory optimization and validation method for immunogenicity assessment.

The eradication of smallpox, a historic triumph in global public health, was accomplished without a complete conception of the mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced protection. Contemporary concerns regarding potential bioterrorism threats and the possibility of smallpox reemergence have spurred research efforts toward developing third-generation vaccines capable of effectively neutralizing the variola virus. Clinical trials for a third-generation smallpox vaccine (KVAC103) are underway to obtain licensure.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior of the Pakistani Population Toward the Monkeypox Pandemic and the Associated Factors.

Background Monkeypox (Mpox) is a virulent disease caused by orthopoxvirus. Mpox is emerging as a major global health threat. Currently, more than 100 countries are facing outbreaks.

The Rise of Mpox in a Post-Smallpox World.

Reports of mpox are rising in Africa where the disease is endemic and in new countries where the disease has not been previously seen. The 2022 global outbreak of clade II mpox and an ongoing outbreak of the more lethal clade I mpox highlight the pandemic potential for monkeypox virus. Waning population immunity after the cessation of routine immunization for smallpox plays a key role in the changing epidemiologic patterns of mpox.

2024 Mpox outbreak: A rapidly evolving public health emergency of international concern: Introduction of an Updated Mpox Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool.

The declaration of a second Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) for mpox in August 2024 underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the evolving epidemiology [1] clinical manifestations, and zoonotic potential of this emerging threat [2]. This work delves into the intricate interplay between human and animal mpox infections, with a specific focus on the unique characteristics of various viral clades and their implications for individual and public health. There is a critical need to elucidate the factors driving multiple spillover events and the subsequent emergence of new clades better adapted to human-to-human transmission.

Isolation and Identification of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the capripoxvirus genus, induces lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle and buffalo populations. The initial documentation of LSD dates back to 1929 in Zambia, with subsequent rapid dissemination within the cattle community in Africa and Asia. Described as the "smallpox" equivalent in cattle, LSD manifests through clinical features such as fever, extensive cutaneous nodules, body wasting, lymph node enlargement, and skin edema.

Sample Preparation for Global Metabolic Profiling of Vaccinia Virus-Infected Primary Human Foreskin Fibroblasts.

Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype member of the Poxviridae family, has played a crucial role in medicine as a key component in the development of smallpox vaccines, contributing to the eradication of this deadly disease. Beyond its historical significance, VACV continues to be pivotal in researching metabolic alterations induced by viral infections. Studies have revealed that VACV can impact pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and lipid metabolism in host cells, offering valuable insights into host-virus interactions and broader cellular metabolism.

Mpox Outbreak in Previously Non-Endemic Countries: A Review on Impact on Asia.

Mpox (human mpox) is an opportunistic viral zoonosis that bears a strong resemblance to smallpox. The virus is divided into 2 distinct clades, clade I and clade II, which were originally confined to the moist forest regions of Africa. However, due to air travel and the exotic pet trade, these clades have spread globally.

Children are left behind in Congo's mpox vaccination drive.

Regulatory and liability issues are delaying immunization of the group most vulnerable to severe disease and death.

Developing Correlates of Protection for Vaccines Is Needed More than Ever-Influenza, COVID-19 and RSV Infection.

One of the greatest success stories of modern medicine is the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccination, most notably against smallpox and poliomyelitis. However, recent events, such as the 2009-2010 swine flu and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemics, as well as the continued emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses highlighted the fact that we still need to develop new vaccines, and perhaps we should be proactive, rather than reacting to epidemics and pandemics. However, the development of tools for evaluating novel vaccines has not been able to keep up with the rate of vaccine production.

Achieving Top National Mpox Vaccination Coverage for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Rhode Island: The Critical Role of Community Engagement, Public Health Collaboration, and Health Equity.

Since 2022, mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) has emerged as a sexually-associated infection that disproportionately impacts gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Fortunately, the JYNNEOS vaccine, which was initially developed for smallpox, has demonstrated significant efficacy against mpox and was distributed across the United States. In January 2024, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that Rhode Island ranked first among the 50 states for rates of full vaccination coverage (two doses) against mpox among people at increased risk including GBMSM, and second among the 50 states for rates of partial vaccination (single dose).

[The smallpox in the Republic of China: (1916-1949)].

This paper attends to examine the historical materials related to smallpox in Daily from 1916 to 1949, in terms of the prevalence of smallpox, diagnosis and treatment, and societal responses recorded. It was found that smallpox had many different names recorded in the newspaper, and most of them related to the symptoms and the epidemic features. It was reported that smallpox, as an epidemic, occurred almost every year from 1916 to 1949.

Elderly Individuals Exhibit Elevated Levels of Anti-Monkeypox Virus Antibodies Compared to Adults, Youth, and Children.

The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has claimed more human lives than all other infectious diseases combined. Consequently, any epidemiological event involving related viruses (orthopoxviruses) triggers significant concern, as was the case with the pandemic rise of monkeypox virus (MPXV), the causative agent of monkeypox in 2022-2023. Smallpox vaccines, based on vaccinia virus antigens, are expected to provide cross-protection against MPXV.

JYNNEOS vaccine safety surveillance in the vaccine safety datalink during the 2022 mpox outbreak in the United States.

Background: The JYNNEOS vaccine (two doses given 28 days apart) was recommended in the United States for people at high risk of exposure to monkeypox virus during the 2022 mpox outbreak. Our objective was to assess the safety of JYNNEOS using two complementary epidemiologic methods.

Methods: This observational cohort included patients of eight large integrated healthcare organizations who received JYNNEOS.

mRNA vaccines: A promising platform for safer, more effective next-generation Orthopoxvirus immunization.

In recent work, Mucker et al. demonstrated that mRNA-1769 outperforms modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), which has been deployed against recent mpox virus (MPXV) outbreaks, in reducing clinical symptoms and controlling viral replication, highlighting its potential as a scalable, safe, and effective next-generation platform for orthopoxvirus vaccination.