Exploring the composition and potential uses of four hops varieties through different extraction techniques.

Hydrophilic, lipophilic extracts and essential oil of four hops varieties from Slovenia were examined in this study. Lipophilic extracts were obtained by supercritical extraction (SFE), while for hydrophilic extracts ultrasound and microwave extraction were employed. Essential oils were isolated by the hydrodistillation process.

The Impact of Hop Freshness on Kettle-Hopped Beers.

Hops are an indispensable ingredient in beer, and the differences in their chemical composition impart the various tastes and aromas associated with different beers. However, during storage, hops undergo changes in their chemical composition. Here, the changes in aroma and bitterness of kettle-hopped beers were evaluated in an experiment conducted on three different hop varieties (Aurora, Celeia and Styrian Wolf) with five different hop storage index (HSI) values (0.

Corrigendum to: Impact of Successive Exploitation of a Starter Culture on Saccharide Uptake Dynamics from Wort (Published: Food Technol. Biotechnol. 59 (1) 16-23 (2021) https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.59.01.21.6899).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.17113/ftb.59.

Extraction of Polyphenols from Slovenian Hop ( L.) Aurora Variety Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Choice of the Extraction Method vs. Structure of the Solvent.

Polyphenols from Slovenian hops ( L.) of the Aurora variety were extracted by different methods and using classical solvents and several deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor component. The obtained extract solutions were analyzed by HPLC for the content of extracted α- and β-acids and extracted xanthohumol.

Changes in the Microbial Composition of the Rhizosphere of Hop Plants Affected by Verticillium Wilt Caused by .

Verticillium wilt is a devastating disease affecting many crops, including hops. This study aims to describe fungal and bacterial populations associated with bulk and rhizosphere soils in a hop field cultivated in Slovenia with the Celeia variety, which is highly susceptible to . As both healthy and diseased plants coexist in the same field, we focused this study on the detection of putative differences in the microbial communities associated with the two types of plants.

Optimization and Validation of Singleplex and Multiplex RT-qPCR for Detection of (CBCVd), (HLVd), and (HSVd) in Hops ().

Direct crop losses due to plant diseases and the measures used to control them have significant agricultural and economic impacts. The shift from diverse small-scale to large-scale genetically uniform monoculture production, along with agricultural intensification and climate change, has led to several known epidemics in man-made agroecosystems that have been rendered more vulnerable to pathogens. One such example is hop growing, which is threatened by highly aggressive hop viroids.

Novel Identification of the Collection of Pathogenic Fungal Species with the Development of Species-Specific SSR Markers.

The genus is a group of ascomycete fungi that includes several pathogenic plant species. In 2011, a new taxonomic classification, proposed by Inderbitzin and coworkers (2011), re-defined the genus as sensu stricto. The objective of our study was the re-classification of the fungal species held in the culture collection in the Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing in accordance with the newly established taxonomy.

The Stability of Hop ( L.) Resins during Long-Period Storage.

The stability of alpha-acids, beta-acids and hop storage index (HSI) values under different conditions (aerobic/anaerobic, 4 °C/room temperature) was studied in a two-year trial. Six different varieties (Celeia, Aurora, Bobek, Styrian Gold, Savinjski Golding and Styrian Wolf) were used in the form of cones and pellets. Alpha- and beta-acids were determined by HPLC and HSI by spectrophotometry.

Antimicrobial Properties of Different Hop () Genotypes.

The antimicrobial activity of hop extracts obtained from different hop genotypes were investigated against and . In this study the pure xanthohumol, purified β-acids rich fraction, as well as α-acids with β-acids rich fraction were used to test antimicrobial activity against and ; whereby, the antimicrobial activity of different hop extracts against was studied for the first time. Microbial susceptibility to purified hydroacetonic extracts from different hop varieties was investigated by the broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Changes in Hop ( L.) Oil Content and Composition during Long-Term Storage under Different Conditions.

Hop essential oil, in addition to alpha-acids, is one of the most valuable parameters for brewers, since it is responsible for beer aroma. The hop oil content and hop oil chemical composition deliver various aromas to beer. During storage, the hop chemical composition undergoes many physical and chemical changes that impact its quality.

Cytosine Methylation in Genomic DNA and Characterization of DNA Methylases and Demethylases and Their Expression Profiles in Viroid-Infected Hop Plants ( Var. 'Celeia').

Abiotic and biotic stresses can lead to changes in host DNA methylation, which in plants is also mediated by an RNA-directed DNA methylation mechanism. Infections with viroids have been shown to affect DNA methylation dynamics in different plant hosts. The aim of our research was to determine the content of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in genomic DNA at the whole genome level of hop plants ( Var.

Impact of Hop Freshness on Dry Hopped Beer Quality.

The hop plant is seasonal, but beer production continues throughout the whole year. The quality of hops begins to decrease immediately after harvesting; therefore, maintaining the highest possible quality is important. A good indicator of hop freshness is the hop storage index (HSI).

Discovery of microRNA-like Small RNAs in Pathogenic Plant Fungus Using High-Throughput Sequencing and qPCR and RLM-RACE Validation.

() is one of the most problematic hop ( L.) pathogens, as the highly virulent fungal pathotypes cause severe annual yield losses due to infections of entire hop fields. In recent years, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has become one of the main areas of focus in plant-fungal pathogen interaction studies and has been implicated as one of the major contributors to fungal pathogenicity.

Transformation of Seed Non-Transmissible Hop Viroids in Causes Distortions in Male Gametophyte Development.

Viroids are small, non-coding, parasitic RNAs that promote developmental distortions in sensitive plants. We analyzed pollen of after infection and/or ectopic transformation with cDNAs of citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variant AS1. These viroids were seed non-transmissible in .

Portuguese wild hop diversity assessment by fast SNP genotyping using high-resolution melting.

A set of seven SNP markers was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of wild Portuguese hops in comparison with commercial cultivars. A collection of 110 wild genotypes and 33 cultivars was characterized by a high-resolution melting analysis of short amplicons targeting SNP loci. Most of the 143 genotypes (75%) could be differentiated.

Identification and Characterization of -Responsive MicroRNAs in the Roots of Resistant and Susceptible Hop Cultivars.

MicroRNAs are 21- to 24-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They can modulate various biological processes, including plant response and resistance to fungal pathogens. Hops are grown for use in the brewing industry and, recently, also for the pharmaceutical industry.

Sub- and Supercritical Extraction of Slovenian Hops ( L.) Aurora Variety Using Different Solvents.

This work investigates the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction of hops with a variety of solvents including carbon dioxide (CO), propane, sulfur hexafluoride (SF), and dimethyl ether (DME) at various densities (low-density and high-density). Operating parameters were 50 bar, 100 bar and 150 bar and 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C for all solvents, respectively. The influence of process parameters on the total yield of extraction and content of bitter acids in the extracts has been investigated.

Impact of Successive Exploitation of a Starter Culture on Saccharide Uptake Dynamics from Wort.

Research Background: The production of lager beer includes successive repitchings of a single starter culture. During the beer production process, the yeast is exposed to several stress factors which could affect the fermentation performance. An incomplete fermentation represents a waste of fermentable extract and leads to a beer with higher carbohydrate levels, which could result in a beer with an atypical flavour profile.

Metabolomic Analysis of Cannabinoid and Essential Oil Profiles in Different Hemp ( L.) Phenotypes.

Hemp ( L.) cannabinoids and terpenoids have therapeutic effects on human and animal health. Cannabis plants can often have a relatively high heterogeneity, which leads to different phenotypes that have different chemical profiles despite being from the same variety.

Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well-differentiated sex chromosomes.

We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12-28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F family of H.

Core RNA Interference Genes Involved in miRNA and Ta-siRNA Biogenesis in Hops and Their Expression Analysis after Challenging with .

RNA interference is an evolutionary conserved mechanism by which organisms regulate the expression of genes in a sequence-specific manner to modulate defense responses against various abiotic or biotic stresses. Hops are grown for their use in brewing and, in recent years, for the pharmaceutical industry. Hop production is threatened by many phytopathogens, of which , the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, is a major contributor to yield losses.

Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in L.

In addition to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), other phytocannabinoids, such as cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabichromene (CBC), also have beneficial effects on human health. A high content of CBG is found in plants with the B genotype, whereas CBC is independent of the allelic chemotype locus B. In basic research models such as mice or rats, CBG has demonstrated anticancer properties, particularly against breast cancer.

Hop Polyphenols in Relation to Verticillium Wilt Resistance and Their Antifungal Activity.

(1) Background: Verticillium wilt (VW) of hop is a devastating disease caused by the soil-borne fungi and . As suggested by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and RNA-Seq analyses, the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance in hop are complex, consisting of preformed and induced defense responses, including the synthesis of various phenolic compounds. (2) Methods: We determined the total polyphenolic content at two phenological stages in roots and stems of 14 hop varieties differing in VW resistance, examined the changes in the total polyphenols of VW resistant variety Wye Target (WT) and susceptible Celeia (CE) on infection with , and assessed the antifungal activity of six commercial phenolic compounds and total polyphenolic extracts from roots and stems of VW resistant WT and susceptible CE on the growth of two different hop pathotypes.

Changes in the Phenolic Compounds of Hop ( L.) Induced by Infection with , the Causal Agent of Hop Wilt.

Phenolic compounds are involved in plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stress factors, with many studies suggesting their role in defense mechanisms against fungal pathogens. Soilborne vascular pathogen causes severe wilting and consequent dieback in a wide range of economically important crops, including hops ( L.).