Giant prolactinoma with progressive cranial settling and central herniation: a case report.

Background: Giant prolactinoma (size > 4 cm) is a rare condition and accounts for less than 1% of pituitary adenomas. In even rarer cases, these lesions may involve craniocervical structures requiring surgical intervention. The present case is the largest reported giant prolactinoma (99 × 72 × 57 mm).

Role of copy number variation analysis in prenatally diagnosed Blake's pouch cyst.

Background: Blake's pouch cyst (BPC) is a midline cystic anomaly of the posterior fossa. BPC has been shown to have a risk of aneuploidy prenatally. Copy number variation (CNV) and/or genetic syndromes have been reported in a few prenatal/postnatal cases with BPC.

Three-dimensional digital anatomical measurements of pterygoid plates and posterior maxillary region.

Background: The posterior maxilla and skull base is a region with a complex anatomy. Accurate resection of the pterygoid plate is critical during a maxillectomy procedure. However, there is a paucity of functional and anatomical studies on the pterygoid plate and skull base.

An intracranial odyssey: pediatric ganglioneuroma arising from the trigeminal ganglion: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Ganglioneuroma represents an uncommon benign tumor arising from the sympathetic nerves, and its development from the fifth nerve is an infrequent entity. Few ganglioneuromas arising from the fifth nerve have been discussed in literature. The authors describe the second pediatric ganglioneuroma arising from the fifth nerve.

Novel immunoinflammatory blood markers in Graves' orbitopathy: insights into activity and severity.

Objective: This prospective case-control study examined the novel immunoinflammatory markers obtained from blood counts of patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO), Graves' disease (GD) and healthy subjects.

Methods: Demographic data, white cell count parameters, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), red cell distribution width (RDW), RDW-to-platelet ratio (RDW/PLT), MPV-to-lymphocyte ratio (MPV/ALC), eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (ELR) and systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) were evaluated. The European Group on Graves Orbitopathy scale and Clinical Activity Score were used for clinical activity and severity assessment.

Advancements in Molecular Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies for Invasive Pituitary Adenomas.

Background: The overwhelming majority of pituitary tumors consist of pituitary adenomas (PAs), which have recently also been termed pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). Clinically significant PAs occur in approximately one in every 1000 individuals, while other types of pituitary tumors, such as craniopharyngiomas and pituicytomas, are significantly less common. Although PAs are generally benign, a subset of them exhibits malignant-like biological traits.

Comparative Morphometric Study of the Occipital Condyle in Class III and Class I Skeletal Malocclusion Patients.

Objectives: Since the formation of skeletal malocclusions is closely linked to general craniofacial development, it is crucial to understand the anatomy and growth patterns of the skull base. This study aimed to assess the morphometry of the occipital condyle (OC) on CBCT scans of Class III skeletal malocclusion subjects and compare the findings with those of skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on CBCT images based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Diagnostic performance of neural network algorithms in skull fracture detection on CT scans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background And Aim: The potential intricacy of skull fractures as well as the complexity of underlying anatomy poses diagnostic hurdles for radiologists evaluating computed tomography (CT) scans. The necessity for automated diagnostic tools has been brought to light by the shortage of radiologists and the growing demand for rapid and accurate fracture diagnosis. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a potential new class of medical imaging technologies that use deep learning (DL) to improve diagnosis accuracy.

The Connective Tissue Architecture of the Cavernous Sinus: An Anatomical Study and Unifying Conceptualization.

Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize existing knowledge regarding the anatomy of the cavernous sinus (CS), critically evaluate the current anatomical hypotheses concerning its walls, to conduct anatomical dissections and develop a comprehensive understanding of the connective tissue structure of the CS.

Methods: We performed systematic dissections on fifteen fresh adult cadavers. Specifically, five specimens were approached laterally, five were sectioned in the axial plane, and five were dissected using endoscopic endonasal techniques.

Advantages and limitations of orbital rim resection in transorbital endoscopic approach: an anatomical study.

Background: Endoscopic transorbital approach (eTOA) has been recently proposed as an alternative skull base approach. However, its feasibility for deeper lesions can be hampered by a reduced surgical maneuverability. Aim of this study is to consider how its extension through orbital rim resection can overcome this limitation, and to compare two different techniques for its removal.

Endoscopic pituitary gland transposition techniques to the interpeduncular and prepontine regions: an anatomical study.

Objective: The floor of the third ventricle and the interpeduncular and prepontine regions represent challenging surgical targets. The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) with pituitary gland (PG) transposition has been proposed to provide direct access to these anatomical regions. Through the years, different endoscopic PG transposition techniques have been studied and presented.

Cochlear Implantation With Sporadic Inner Ear Schwannomas: Outcomes in 106 Patients From an International Multi-Institutional Study.

Objective: To evaluate cochlear implant speech perception among patients with sporadic inner ear schwannoma who underwent ipsilateral implantation.

Study Design: Retrospective multi-institutional cohort study.

Setting: Eleven tertiary academic medical centers across Germany, Denmark, and the United States.

Preoperative Quality of Life in Patients with Small Vestibular Schwannomas.

Background: Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors arising from the eighth cranial nerve. They often cause no symptoms for a long period of time. Due to the improved availability and quality of magnetic resonance imaging diagnostics, even small tumors can be diagnosed at an early stage.

Human placenta in vascular neurosurgery training: a comprehensive review of laboratory models, possible exercises, and assessments for skills improvement.

Introduction: Simulation is increasingly recognized as an important tool to enhance neurosurgical education. In this field, especially in neurovascular surgery, human placenta (hPl) is being recognized as a valuable training model because of its abundant availability, ethical acceptance, and analogous vasculature with other vessels of the human body. Nevertheless, although a rising body of literature is witnessing a renovated interest toward this "old" model, to date no comprehensive reviews on the topics are available.

Burden of disease scenarios by state in the USA, 2022-50: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Background: The capacity to anticipate future health issues is important for both policy makers and practitioners in the USA, as such insights can facilitate effective planning, investment, and implementation strategies. Forecasting trends in disease and injury burden is not only crucial for policy makers but also garners substantial interest from the general populace and leads to a better-informed public. Through the integration of new data sources, the refinement of methodologies, and the inclusion of additional causes, we have improved our previous forecasting efforts within the scope of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to produce forecasts at the state and national levels for the USA under various possible scenarios.

How I do it: far-lateral approach using a linear incision.

Background: The far-lateral approach, frequently employed by skull base surgeons, targets lesions in the ventrolateral region of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). Although various incisions can be utilized, the linear incision is notably less invasive and more efficient. Despite its advantages, the literature lacks a comprehensive description of the technical steps involved in this approach.

External auditory canal osteoma with coexisting canal wall cholesteatoma: a case report and review of literature.

Background: Though rare, benign lesions that usually do not necessitate active intervention, osteomas of the external auditory canal, can be troublesome when they start to produce mass effect and severe obstruction to the external auditory canal. Even more insidious is the rarer phenomenon of canal wall cholesteatomas, which have been known to cause significant canal erosion and if left unchecked and spontaneous destruction of the adjacent anatomical structures, including the facial nerve, temporomandibular joint, sigmoid sinus, and skull base. The occurrence of both these exceptionally uncommon findings in the same canal is an unusual finding and may point to an undetermined interplay in pathogenesis.

Analysis of depressions indicative of dural venous sinuses within the intracranial cavities of skull bases.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the anatomical variations and morphometric characteristics of the sulci in the dural venous sinuses within the intracranial cavity, with a particular focus on sex differences and asymmetry.

Methods: Thirty fixed cadaveric heads were used to measure the dimensions (length, width, and depth) and spatial relationships of the dural venous sinus sulci within the intracranial cavity, including the distance to the midline, distance to each other, and lateral margin of the skull. Comparisons were made between sexes and sides of the body.