High fat diet exacerbates murine psoriatic dermatitis by increasing the number of IL-17-producing γδ T cells.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia via the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Various studies have indicated the association between obesity and psoriasis, however, the underlying mechanisms remains unclarified. To this end, we focused on high-fat diet (HFD) in this study, because HFD is suggested as a contributor to obesity, and HFD-fed mice exhibit exacerbated psoriatic dermatitis.

Revisiting murine models for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with multipolar cytokine axes.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are one of the common skin diseases. Animal models are a powerful tool to analyze these diseases, which are complicated by multiple cytokine pathways. However, many discrepancies between the human diseases and murine models have been noticed.

Therapeutic pipeline for atopic dermatitis: End of the drought?

Until the past year, our therapeutic armamentarium for treating atopic dermatitis (AD) was still primarily topical corticosteroids and, for more severe disease, systemic immunosuppressants. The pipeline of more targeted topical and systemic therapies is expanding based on our growing understanding of the mechanism for AD and is particularly focused on suppressing the skewed immune activation. Most agents are in phase 2 clinical trials.

IgG4, complement, and the mechanisms of blister formation in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid.

Autoimmune bullous diseases are at the forefront of the research field on autoimmune diseases. Pemphigus and pemphigoid were historical entities in the world of descriptive dermatology for a long time. Recently, however, dermatologists and skin biologists have elegantly explained the novel pathomechanism of pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases.

The interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disorder characterized by pruritus and recurrent eczematous lesions that are accompanied by T-helper (Th)2-dominated inflammation. AD Etiology is not yet completely understood, but it is multifactorial. Moreover, the disease is characterized by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, such as skin barrier dysfunctions, allergy/immunity, and pruritus.

Advances in atopic dermatitis and urticarial in 2016.

This review highlights recent key advances in the pathology and therapies of inflammatory skin diseases, focusing on atopic dermatitis (AD) and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Regarding AD, transcriptomic analysis with human samples revealed different immune profiles between childhood and adult AD. Phase III clinical trials of dupilumab, an anti-IL-4 receptor α antibody, in the treatment of AD have successfully finished, and dupilumab will appear in clinical practice as the first biologic for AD in 2017.

SCFAs Control Skin Immune Responses via Increasing Tregs.

We are surrounded by billions of microbes, and our immune system is substantially affected by the commensal bacteria on the surface of our body. Schwarz et al. describe the immune-suppressive effect of sodium butyrate, a bacterial metabolite that is categorized as one of the short-chain fatty acids, during skin inflammatory responses.

Differences in the Importance of Mast Cells, Basophils, IgE, and IgG versus That of CD4 T Cells and ILC2 Cells in Primary and Secondary Immunity to Strongyloides venezuelensis.

There is evidence that mast cells, basophils, and IgE can contribute to immune responses to parasites; however, the relative levels of importance of these effector elements in parasite immunity are not fully understood. Previous work in -deficient and c- mutant mice indicated that interleukin-3 and c-Kit contribute to expulsion of the intestinal nematode during primary infection. Our findings in mast cell-deficient mice and two types of mast cell-deficient mice that have normal c- ("Hello ty" and MasTRECK mice) confirmed prior work in mice that suggested that mast cells play an important role in egg clearance in primary infections.

Three-dimensional evaluation of subclinical extension of extramammary Paget disease: visualization of the histological border and its comparison to the clinical border.

Background: In extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), Paget cells are sometimes detected outside the clinical border (subclinical extension). However, the spreading pattern of Paget cells in subclinical extension remains unclear. In addition, the macroscopic appearances of lesions accompanied by subclinical extension are totally unknown.

Advances in atopic dermatitis in 2015.

This review aims to highlight recently published articles on atopic dermatitis (AD). Updated are the insights into epidemiology, pathology, diagnostics, and therapy. Epidemiologic studies have revealed a positive correlation between AD and systemic conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and neonatal adiposity.

Alopecia areata: What's new in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic options?

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common and stressful disorder that results in hair loss, and resistant to treatment in some cases. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that AA is caused by autoimmune attack against the hair follicles. The precise pathomechanism, however, remains unknown.

Major differences between human atopic dermatitis and murine models, as determined by using global transcriptomic profiling.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is caused by a complex interplay between immune and barrier abnormalities. Murine models of AD are essential for preclinical assessments of new treatments. Although many models have been used to simulate AD, their transcriptomic profiles are not fully understood, and a comparison of these models with the human AD transcriptomic fingerprint is lacking.

Multifactorial skin barrier deficiency and atopic dermatitis: Essential topics to prevent the atopic march.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease in the industrialized world and has multiple causes. Over the past decade, data from both experimental models and patients have highlighted the primary pathogenic role of skin barrier deficiency in patients with AD. Increased access of environmental agents into the skin results in chronic inflammation and contributes to the systemic "atopic (allergic) march.