Nano-enabled delivery of diosgenin and emodin ameliorates respirable silica dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis silicosis in rats.

Oxidative stress and inflammation play a fundamental role in the beginning and advancement of silicosis. Hence, questing active phytocompounds (APCs) with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties such as diosgenin (DG) and emodin (ED) can be a therapeutic intervention targeting silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Hydrophobicity and low bioavailability are the barriers that restrict the therapeutic efficacy of DG and ED against pulmonary defects.

Possible involvement of GABAergic system on central amygdala Mediated anxiolytic effect of agmatine in rats.

Objectives: To study the pharmacological interactions between agmatine and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulatory agents in the regulation of anxiety-like behavior in rats.

Materials And Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated drugs per se or in combination and 15 min after last injection were subjected to elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by measuring behavioral conventional readout, open arm activity (duration and/or entries) for 5-minute duration.

ameliorates stress induced depression in mice by regulating neuroinflammatory cytokines.

Background And Aim: Linn. () (family: Amaranthaceae) is highly recognized in ethnomedicine and traditional systems of Indian medicine as a nervine restorative for several psychiatric disorders. Study presented here was designed to appraise the antidepressant-like effects of in murine model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depression.

Chronic agmatine treatment prevents olanzapine-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation in female rats.

Antipsychotic-induced obesity affects millions of people and is a serious health condition worldwide. Olanzapine is the most widely prescribed antipsychotic agent with high obesogenic potential. However, the exact mechanism by which it causes its metabolic dysregulation remains poorly understood.

Agmatine prevents development of tolerance to anti-nociceptive effect of ethanol in mice.

Drug tolerance is directly correlated with drug abuse and physical dependence. The development of tolerance is manifested as the decline in pharmacological responses of drugs following repeated administration of the constant dose. The present study evaluated the effect of agmatine in ethanol-induced anti-nociception and tolerance in the tail-flick assay in mice.

Interweaving of reactive oxygen species and major neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Reactive oxygen species are found to be having a wide range of biological effects ranging from regulating functions in normal physiology to alteration and damaging various processes and cell components causing a number of diseases. Mitochondria are an important organelle responsible for energy production and in many signalling mechanisms. The electron transport chain in mitochondria, where oxidative phosphorylation takes place, is also coupled with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Exercise and Nutraceuticals: Eminent Approach for Diabetic Neuropathy.

Diabetic neuropathy is an incapacitating chronic pathological condition that encompasses a large group of diseases and manifestations of nerve damage. It affects approximately 50% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Autonomic, sensory, and motor neurons are affected.

Possible involvement of agmatine in neuropharmacological actions of metformin in diabetic mice.

The risk of psychiatric and neurological disorders is significantly higher in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to depression, anxiety and memory impairment as compared with non-diabetic individuals. Metformin, a biguanide used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), promotes neurogenesis, enhances spatial memory function and protects the brain against oxidative imbalance beyond its effect on glucose metabolism.

Agmatine improves the behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with chronic gestational ethanol exposure in rats.

Chronic maternal ethanol exposure leads to poor intelligence, impaired cognition and array of neurological symptoms in offsprings and commonly referred as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Despite high prevalence and severity, the neurochemical basis of FASD remains largely unexplored. The present study evaluated the pharmacological effects of agmatine in cognitive deficits associated with FAS in rat's offsprings prenatally exposed to alcohol.

Agmatine reverses ethanol consumption in rats: Evidences for an interaction with imidazoline receptors.

Alcohol is one of the most widely abused recreational drugs, largely linked with serious health and social concerns. However, the treatment options for alcohol-use disorders have limited efficacy and exhibit a range of adverse drug reactions. Large numbers of preclinical studies have projected a biogenic amine, agmatine as a promising potential treatment option for drug addiction, including alcoholism.

Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine.

Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine in CNS, is derived from arginine by dearboxylation. Like polyamines, agmatine has been studied for its neuroprotetive effects. At present, a large body of experimental evidences has been gathered that demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of agmatine.

Agmatine Inhibits Behavioral Sensitization to Ethanol Through Imidazoline Receptors.

Background: Locomotor sensitization to repeated ethanol (EtOH) administration is proposed to play a role in early and recurring steps of addiction. The present study was designed to examine the effect of agmatine on EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization in mice.

Methods: Mice received daily single intraperitoneal injection of EtOH (2.

Agmatine inhibits nicotine withdrawal induced cognitive deficits in inhibitory avoidance task in rats: Contribution of α-adrenoceptors.

Nicotine abstinence following chronic exposure is associated with impairments in memory and variety of cognitive functions. Daily nicotine (2 mg/kg, sc, four times daily) administration for 14 days and its abrupt withdrawal significantly impaired avoidance learning in inhibitory avoidance task as indicated by a significant decrease in the step through latency. Animals injected with agmatine (10-40 μg/rat, icv) from day 7 to 14 before the first daily dose of nicotine (2 mg/kg, sc) showed increased step through latencies during retrieval test.

Acute orexigenic effect of agmatine involves interaction between central α-adrenergic and GABAergic receptors.

Agmatine and GABA have been abundantly expressed in brain nuclei involved in regulation of energy homeostasis and promoting stimulation of food intake in rodents. However, their mutual interaction, if any, in the elicitation of feeding behavior is largely remains unclear. The current study provides experimental evidence for the possible interaction of agmatine, adrenergic and GABAergic systems in stimulation of feeding in satiated rats.

Agmatine ameliorates adjuvant induced arthritis and inflammatory cachexia in rats.

The present study investigated the pharmacological effect of agmatine in Complete Freud Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis and cachexia in rats. The rats were injected with CFA (0.1ml/rat) to induced symptoms of arthritis.

Interactions of nitric oxide with α2 -adrenoceptors within the locus coeruleus underlie the facilitation of inhibitory avoidance memory by agmatine.

Background And Purpose: Agmatine, a putative neurotransmitter, plays a vital role in learning and memory. Although it is considered an endogenous ligand of imidazoline receptors, agmatine exhibits high affinity for α-adrenoceptors, NOS and NMDA receptors. These substrates within the locus coeruleus (LC) are critically involved in learning and memory processes.

Effect of compression pressure on inhalation grade lactose as carrier for dry powder inhalations.

Introduction: This study focused on the potential effects of compression forces experienced during lactose (InhaLac 70, 120, and 230) storage and transport on the flowability and aerosol performance in dry powder inhaler formulation.

Materials And Methods: Lactose was subjected to typical compression forces 4, 10, and 20 N/cm(2). Powder flowability and particle size distribution analysis of un-compressed and compressed lactose was evaluated by Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, the angle of repose and by laser diffraction method.

Neuropeptide Y system in accumbens shell mediates ethanol self-administration in posterior ventral tegmental area.

Although modulatory effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on ethanol consumption are well established, its role in ethanol reward, in the framework of mesolimbic dopaminergic system, has not been studied. We investigated the influence of nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) NPYergic system on ethanol self-administration in posterior ventral tegmental area (p-VTA) using intracranial self-administration paradigm. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with cannulae targeted unilaterally at the right p-VTA and trained to self-administer ethanol (200 mg%) in standard two-lever (active/inactive) operant chamber, an animal model with high predictive validity to test the rewarding mechanisms.

Agmatine attenuates hyperactivity and weight loss associated with activity-based anorexia in female rats.

Anorexia nervosa is a debilitating eating disorder characterized by hypophagia, body weight loss, amenorrhea and intense fear of weight gain. In present study, the effect of subchronic agmatine treatment on development of activity based anorexia (ABA) in female rats has been investigated. Animals were injected with saline or agmatine (10-40 mg/kg, ip) just before the onset of dark phase and shifted to experimental cage with wheel for ABA test for 10days.

Chronic agmatine treatment prevents behavioral manifestations of nicotine withdrawal in mice.

Smoking cessation exhibits an aversive withdrawal syndrome characterized by both increases in somatic signs and affective behaviors including anxiety and depression. In present study, abrupt withdrawal of daily nicotine injections (2mg/kg, s.c.

Agmatine attenuates lipopolysaccharide induced anorexia and sickness behavior in rats.

Sickness behavior is characterized by lethargy, reduced appetite, anhedonia and anxiety. It can be induced in experimental animals by bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the impact of intracerebroventricular agmatine injections (5-20μg/rat, icv) on sickness behavior induced by LPS (100μg/rat, ip) in rats.

Imidazoline binding sites mediates anticompulsive-like effect of agmatine in marble-burying behavior in mice.

Agmatine is a cationic amine formed by decarboxylation of l-arginine by the mitochondrial enzyme arginine decarboxylase and widely distributed in mammalian brain. Although the precise function of endogenous agmatine has been largely remained unclear, its exogenous administration demonstrated beneficial effects in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. This study was planned to examine the role of imidazoline binding sites in the anticompulsive-like effect of agmatine on marble-burying behavior.

Involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in pentazocine induced suppression of food intake in rats.

The potent orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been considered as a possible endogenous ligand for a subpopulation of sigma receptors (SigR). However, their mutual interaction with reference to feeding behavior remains poorly understood. In the present study, we explored the possible interaction between sigma1 receptors (Sig1R) agonist, pentazocine, and NPY on food intake in satiated rats.

Neuropeptide Y in the central nucleus of amygdala regulates the anxiolytic effect of agmatine in rats.

In the present study, modulation of anxiolytic action of agmatine by neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) is evaluated employing Vogel's conflict test (VCT) in rats. The intra-CeA administration of agmatine (0.6 and 1.

Agmatine attenuates nicotine induced conditioned place preference in mice through modulation of neuropeptide Y system.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of agmatine on nicotine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino mice. Intra-peritoneal (ip) administration of nicotine (1mg/kg) significantly increased time spent in drug-paired compartment. Agmatine (20 and 40 mg/kg, ip) co-administered with nicotine during the 6 days conditioning sessions completely abolished the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP in mice.