Genetically modified E. Coli secreting melanin (E.melanin) activates the astrocytic PSAP-GPR37L1 pathway and mitigates the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

The characteristic neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein (αSyn), as well as a significant decrease in neuromelanin (NM) levels within dopamine neurons (DaNs). Unlike αSyn aggregates, the relationship between NM levels and PD pathogenesis is not well understood. In this study, we engineered an E.

Current Status of Cognition and Clinical Practice of Refractory Cancer Pain in Shanghai: A Questionnaire Survey.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the current status of clinical practice of refractory cancer pain (RCP) among a sample of physicians specializing in cancer pain management in Shanghai.

Methods: From 2019 to 2021, a questionnaire survey was conducted among physicians engaged in diagnosis and treatment of cancer pain through the questionnaire WJX network platform in Shanghai, China.

Results: A total of 238 responses participated in the survey.

Extracellular vesicles derived from different sources play various roles in diabetic retinopathy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are present in almost all biological fluids and secreted by almost all cell types. A growing number of studies have revealed the potential roles of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of the diabetic retinopathy (DR). Changes in the quantity and content of EVs may serve as biomarkers of cause or consequence of pathological status of DR, such as inflammation, neovascularization and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Genetically engineered probiotics as catalytic glucose depriver for tumor starvation therapy.

Cancer cells predominantly adapt the frequent but less efficient glycolytic process to produce ATPs rather than the highly efficient oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Such a regulated metabolic pattern in cancer cells offers promising therapeutic opportunities to kill tumors by glucose depletion or glycolysis blockade. In addition, to guarantee tumor-specific therapeutic targets, effective tumor-homing, accumulation, and retention strategies toward tumor regions should be elaborately designed.

Circulating extracellular vesicle-containing microRNAs reveal potential pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown till today, hindering the research and development of AD therapeutics and diagnostics. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be utilized as a new window to spy upon AD pathogenesis. Altered microRNA profiles were noted in both the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- and blood-isolated EVs of AD patients, implying the outstanding potential of circulating EV-containing miRNAs (CEmiRs) to serve as important regulators in AD pathogenesis.

Insulin-incubated palladium clusters promote recovery after brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a cause of disability and death worldwide, but there are currently no specific treatments for this condition. Release of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the injured brain leads to a series of pathological changes; thus, eliminating ROS could be a potential therapeutic strategy. Herein, we synthesized insulin-incubated ultrasmall palladium (Pd@insulin) clusters via green biomimetic chemistry.

Arthroscopic Modified Double-Row Biceps Tenodesis versus Labral Repair for the Treatment of Isolated Type II SLAP Lesions in Non-Overhead Athletes.

Objective: To evaluate the postoperative efficacy and the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic modified double-row biceps tenodesis versus labral repair.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 56 patients with isolated type II superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions from March 2015 to November 2018. Thirty patients (male:female = 17:13) were treated with labral repair, and 26 patients (male:female = 15:11) were treated with modified double-row biceps tenodesis.

ROS-Targeted Depression Therapy via BSA-Incubated Ceria Nanoclusters.

Depression is one of the most fatal mental diseases, and there is currently a lack of efficient drugs for the treatment of depression. Emerging evidence has indicated oxidative stress as a key pathological feature of depression. We targeted reactive oxygen species (ROS) and synthesized CeO@BSA nanoclusters as a novel antidepression nanodrug a convenient, green, and highly effective bovine serum albumin (BSA) incubation strategy.

Ophthalmic Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients, a Review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents a novel challenge to public health due to human-to-human transmission. People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Initially, the most common symptoms were fever or chills, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, headache, new loss of taste or smell, and sore throat.

Extracellular vesicles derived from glioblastoma promote proliferation and migration of neural progenitor cells via PI3K-Akt pathway.

Background: Glioblastomas are lethal brain tumors under the current combinatorial therapeutic strategy that includes surgery, chemo- and radio-therapies. Extensive changes in the tumor microenvironment is a key reason for resistance to chemo- or radio-therapy and frequent tumor recurrences. Understanding the tumor-nontumor cell interaction in TME is critical for developing new therapy.

Exosome: A novel neurotransmission modulator or non-canonical neurotransmitter?

Neurotransmission is the electrical impulse-triggered propagation of signals between neurons or between neurons and other cell types such as skeletal muscle cells. Recent studies point out the involvement of exosomes, a type of small bilipid layer-enclosed extracellular vesicles, in regulating neurotransmission. Through horizontally transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, exosomes can modulate synaptic activities rapidly by controlling neurotransmitter release or progressively by regulating neural plasticity including synapse formation, neurite growth & removal, and axon guidance & elongation.

Propofol Inhibits Microglial Activation miR-106b/Pi3k/Akt Axis.

Propofol is an established intravenous anesthetic agent with potential neuroprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the roles and the underlying mechanisms of propofol in inhibiting the pro-inflammatory responses of microglia. Propofol significantly reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of , , and NF-κB pathway related genes , , , and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary microglia.

Microglial glutaminase 1 deficiency mitigates neuroinflammation associated depression.

Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) has recently been reported to be expressed in microglia and plays a crucial role in neuroinflamation. Significantly increased level of GLS1 mRNA expression together with neuroinflammation pathway were observed in postmortem prefrontal cortex from depressed patients. To find out the function of microglial GLS1 in depression and neuroinflammation, we generated transgenic mice (GLS1 cKO), postnatally losing GLS1 in microglia, to detect changes in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression model.

Induced neural progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote neural progenitor cell survival via extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway.

Proposed model for the anti-apoptotic effects of induced neural stem/progenitor cell (iNPC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). iNPC release EVs that are abundantly loaded with growth factor-related proteins. These growth factor-enriched EVs enhance the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not AKt.

Neural Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Regulate Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Through miR-9-Hes1 Axis.

Exosomes, a key element of the central nervous system microenvironment, mediate intercellular communication via horizontally transferring bioactive molecules. Emerging evidence has implicated exosomes in the regulation of neurogenesis. Recently, we compared the neurogenic potential of exosomes released from primary mouse embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocyte-reprogrammed NSCs, and observed diverse neurogenic potential of those two exosome populations .

Effects of preoperative serum vitamin D levels on early clinical function outcomes and the moderate-to-severe pain prevalence in postmenopausal women after primary total knee arthroplasty.

Objective: To investigate the impact of vitamin D levels on early clinical function outcomes and the potential risk factors of moderate-to-severe pain prevalence in postmenopausal women after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods: From April 2017 to December 2019, 226 women were retrospectively recruited. The women were divided into two groups based on their preoperative serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: (1) vitamin D-sufficient group (≥30 ng/mL); (2) vitamin D-deficient group (<30 ng/mL).

COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease: how one crisis worsens the other.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has emerged as a key comorbidity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 are elevated in AD due to multiple pathological changes in AD patients such as the excessive expression of viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and pro-inflammatory molecules, various AD complications including diabetes, lifestyle alterations in AD, and drug-drug interactions. Meanwhile, COVID-19 has also been reported to cause various neurologic symptoms including cognitive impairment that may ultimately result in AD, probably through the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into the central nervous system, COVID-19-induced inflammation, long-term hospitalization and delirium, and post-COVID-19 syndrome.

O-GlcNAcylation enhances sensitivity to RSL3-induced ferroptosis via the YAP/TFRC pathway in liver cancer.

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides to lethal levels. YAP has been reported to play a pivotal role in controlling ferroptotic death, and the expression of YAP is enhanced and stabilized by O-GlcNAcylation. However, whether O-GlcNAcylation can increase the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to ferroptosis remains unknown.

Chemical induction of neurogenic properties in mammalian Müller glia.

Müller glia (MG), cells that maintain homeostasis in the retina, are dormant stem cells that can regenerate neurons upon injury. However, the regenerative property of MG, which is reproducibly displayed in the lower vertebrates, is not readily observed in the mammals even upon forced expression of regulatory genes or exposure to growth factors. Here, we demonstrate a reproducible unmasking of the neurogenic properties of enriched rodent MG by serial exposure to different combinations of small molecules.

Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in COVID-19, a double-edged sword?

The sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-infected disease (COVID-19), initiated from Wuhan, China, has rapidly grown into a global pandemic. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key intercellular communicator, in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, cells that express ACE2 and CD9 can transfer these viral receptors to other cells via EVs, making recipient cells more susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: A double-edged sword in central nervous system disorders.

Recent studies suggest that astrocytes released a great quantity of extracellular vesicles (AEVs) to communicate with other brain cells. Under pathological conditions, AEVs are widely associated with the pathogenesis of neurobiological diseases by horizontally transferring pathogenic factors to neighboring cells or peripheral immune cells. Their beneficial role is also evident by the fact that they are involved in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration through alleviating apoptosis, maintaining neuronal function, and repairing neural injuries.

A Comprehensive Analysis Identified Hub Genes and Associated Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly and has become a growing global health problem causing great concern. However, the pathogenesis of AD is unclear and no specific therapeutics are available to provide the sustained remission of the disease. In this study, we used comprehensive bioinformatics to determine 158 potential genes, whose expression levels changed between the entorhinal and temporal lobe cortex samples from cognitively normal individuals and patients with AD.

Use of non-contact infrared thermometers in rehabilitation patients: a randomized controlled study.

Objective: In this randomized controlled study, we aimed to determine whether non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are more time-efficient and create less patient distress than mercury axillary thermometers (MATs) and infrared tympanic thermometers (ITTs).

Methods: Forty-five rehabilitation inpatients were randomly assigned to one of three groups (NCIT, MAT, and ITT). Time required to measure body temperature with an NCIT, MAT, and ITT was recorded.