FGF10 attenuates allergic airway inflammation in asthma by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.

Background: The effect of fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) against allergic asthma has remained unclear, despite its importance in lung development and homeostasis maintenance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of Fgf10 on asthma.

Method: House Dust Mite (HDM)-induced asthma mice were administered recombinant Fgf10 intranasally during activation.

Atomization efficacy of a novel micro-dose mesh nebulizer (CVS-100) versus the traditional mesh nebulizer (M102) in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized non-inferiority clinical trial.

Objective: To compare the atomization efficacy of a novel micro-dose mesh nebulizer (CVS-100) versus the traditional mesh nebulizer (M102) in nebulizing a combination of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol for treatment of stable moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods: A randomized, parallel, non-inferiority study was conducted. A total of 64 stable COPD patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio.

Lianhua Qingke ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps formation and pyroptosis.

LHQK is a patented Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) which is clinically used for acute tracheobronchitis, cough, and other respiratory diseases. Recent studies have proved that LHQK exhibits excellent clinical efficacy in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). However, the corresponding mechanisms remain largely unexplored.

Xuebijing alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inhibiting gasdermin-E-mediated pyroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells.

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is characterized by diffuse alveolar injury primarily caused by an excessive inflammatory response. Regrettably, the lack of effective pharmacotherapy currently available contributes to the high mortality rate in patients with this condition. Xuebijing (XBJ), a traditional Chinese medicine recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory properties, exhibits promise as a potential therapeutic agent for ALI/ARDS.

Current and Future Perspectives on Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer: A Roadmap From 2023 to 2027 From the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for lung cancer substantially reduces mortality from lung cancer, as revealed in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. This review is based on the ninth CT screening symposium of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, which focuses on the major themes pertinent to the successful global implementation of LDCT screening and develops a strategy to further the implementation of lung cancer screening globally. These recommendations provide a 5-year roadmap to advance the implementation of LDCT screening globally, including the following: (1) establish universal screening program quality indicators; (2) establish evidence-based criteria to identify individuals who have never smoked but are at high-risk of developing lung cancer; (3) develop recommendations for incidentally detected lung nodule tracking and management protocols to complement programmatic lung cancer screening; (4) Integrate artificial intelligence and biomarkers to increase the prediction of malignancy in suspicious CT screen-detected lesions; and (5) standardize high-quality performance artificial intelligence protocols that lead to substantial reductions in costs, resource utilization and radiologist reporting time; (6) personalize CT screening intervals on the basis of an individual's lung cancer risk; (7) develop evidence to support clinical management and cost-effectiveness of other identified abnormalities on a lung cancer screening CT; (8) develop publicly accessible, easy-to-use geospatial tools to plan and monitor equitable access to screening services; and (9) establish a global shared education resource for lung cancer screening CT to ensure high-quality reading and reporting.

α7nAChR activation in AT2 cells promotes alveolar regeneration through WNT7B signaling in acute lung injury.

Reducing inflammatory damage and improving alveolar epithelium regeneration are two key approaches to promoting lung repair in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Stimulation of cholinergic α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR, coded by Chrna7) signaling could dampen lung inflammatory injury. However, whether activation of α7nAChR in alveolar type II (AT2) cells promotes alveolar epithelial injury repair and underlying mechanisms is elusive.

Machine learning-based identification of cuproptosis-related markers and immune infiltration in severe community-acquired pneumonia.

Background: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is one of the world's most common diseases and a major etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cuproptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death that can occur in various diseases.

Methods: Our study explored the degree of immune cell infiltration during the onset of severe CAP and identified potential biomarkers related to cuproptosis.

Quantitative analysis of a novel DNA hypermethylation panel using bronchial specimen for lung cancer diagnosis.

Non-diagnostic findings are common in transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy (EBUS-TBLB). One of the challenges is to improve the detection of lung cancer using these techniques. To address this issue, we utilized an 850 K methylation chip to identify methylation sites that distinguish malignant from benign lung nodules.

Transcriptional Characterization of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals Immune Microenvironment Alterations in Chemically Induced Acute Lung Injury.

Purpose: Chemically induced acute lung injury (CALI) has become a serious health concern in our industrialized world, and abnormal functional alterations of immune cells crucially contribute to severe clinical symptoms. However, the cell heterogeneity and functional phenotypes of respiratory immune characteristics related to CALI remain unclear.

Methods: We performed scRNA sequencing on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples obtained from phosgene-induced CALI rat models and healthy controls.

A DNA methylation signature for the prediction of tumour recurrence in stage II colorectal cancer.

Background: A major challenge in stage II colorectal carcinoma is to identify patients with increased risk of recurrence. Biomarkers that distinguish patients with poor prognosis from patients without recurrence are currently lacking. This study aims to develop a robust DNA methylation classifier that allows the prediction of recurrence and chemotherapy benefit in patients with stage II colorectal cancer.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban and low-molecular-weight heparin in Chinese lung cancer patients with nonhigh-risk pulmonary embolism.

Background: Data that guide selection of differing anticoagulant regimens for specific cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) are lacking. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) against nonhigh-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) in Chinese lung cancer patients.

Methods: Four hundred forty-six Chinese lung cancer patients with nonhigh-risk PE who initiated treatment with rivaroxaban or LMWH were identified from Zhongshan Hospital database from 2016 to 2020.

Aquaporins in Respiratory System.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins facilitating fluid transport in alveolar space, airway humidification, pleural fluid absorption, and submucosal gland secretion. In this chapter, we mainly focus on the expression of four AQPs in the lungs, which include AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, and AQP5 in normal and disease status, and the experience of AQPs function from various model and transgenic mice were summarized in detail to improve our understanding of the role of AQPs in fluid balance of respiratory system. It has been suggested that AQPs play important roles in various physiology and pathophysiology conditions of different lung diseases.

Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Reveals Epithelial Cell Signature of Multiple Subtypes in Chemically Induced Acute Lung Injury.

Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) play a role in chemically induced acute lung injury (CALI). However, the mechanisms that induce alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) to proliferate, exit the cell cycle, and transdifferentiate into alveolar epithelial type 1 cells (AEC1s) are unclear. Here, we investigated the epithelial cell types and states in a phosgene-induced CALI rat model.

Molecular mechanisms and roles of pyroptosis in acute lung injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which are characterized by excessive inflammation and accompanied by diffuse injury of alveoli, can result in severe respiratory failures. The morbidity and mortality of patients remain high because the major treatments for ALI/ARDS are mainly supportive due to the lack of effective therapies. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the aggravation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to severe pneumonia and even ARDS.

The evaluation of next-generation sequencing assisted pathogenic detection in immunocompromised hosts with pulmonary infection: A retrospective study.

Introduction: Pulmonary infections are frequent in immunocompromised hosts (ICH), and microbial detection is difficult. As a new method, next-generation sequencing (NGS) may offer a solution.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of NGS-assisted pathogenic detection on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of ICH complicated by pulmonary infection and radiographic evidence of bilateral diffuse lesions.

Evaluation of a multiplex PCR kit for detection of 17 respiratory pathogens in hospitalized patients.

Background: Rapid pathogen identification is critical for optimizing diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive, broad-spectrum molecular detection technique that is simple and rapid to perform. It is capable of simultaneously screening for multiple pathogens within a short time range.

The traditional Chinese patented medicine Qingke Pingchuan granules alleviate acute lung injury by regenerating club cells.

Qingke Pingchuan granules (QKPCG), a patented traditional Chinese medicine, clinically, are recommended for acute tracheobronchitis, cough, community-acquired pneumonia, and other respiratory diseases. However, its potential protective effect and mechanism of action in acute lung injury (ALI) have not been explored. We aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the protective role of QKPCG in ALI.

Ca2.2-NFAT2-USP43 axis promotes invadopodia formation and breast cancer metastasis through cortactin stabilization.

Distant metastasis is the main cause of mortality in breast cancer patients. Using the breast cancer genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we identified brain specific Ca2.2 as a critical regulator of metastasis.

Heparanase modulates the prognosis and development of BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer by regulating AKT/p27Kip1/Cyclin E2 pathway.

BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) is a rare subtype of colorectal cancer with poor prognosis. Compelling evidence indicates that the heparanase (HPSE) gene has multiple functions in cancer, however, its role in BRAF V600E-mutant CRC remains elusive. Differentially expressed genes between BRAF V600E-mutant and wild-type patients were explored by analyzing public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus.

Heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment and real-world analysis of immunotherapy efficacy in lung adenosquamous carcinoma.

Lung adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is an uncommon histological subtype. We aimed to characterize the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in lung ASC and estimate patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have never been systematically investigated. In cohort I, we collected 30 ASCs from a single center for analysis of TIME characteristics, including immuno-phenotyping, tumor mutation burden (TMB), T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and immune checkpoint expression.

Tumor mutational burden and efficacy of chemotherapy in lung cancer.

Purpose: TMB is one of the potent biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint blockade. The association between TMB and efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced lung cancer has not been comprehensively explored.

Methods: Ninety lung cancer patients receiving first-line chemotherapy with large panel next-generation sequencing data of pre-treatment tumor tissue were identified.

Regulatory T cells in inflammation and resolution of acute lung injury.

Introduction: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by hypoxemia and increased lung permeability and would result in acute respiratory failure and with high mortality. In patients who survive from acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS, it is an active process of the transition from injury to resolution depending on the coordinated immune system. The roles of regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are now gradually being clarified during inflammation and resolution of ARDS.