Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Insulin Administration in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 1 Trial.

Oral delivery is an ideal method of insulin administration and is currently a promising research field. Here, we evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characteristics of oral administration of an insulin capsule (ORMD-0801) with 2 different sources of recombinant human insulin. This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating phase 1 trial.

Interaction between smoking and diabetes in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular events.

Background: Whether smoking modifies the associations of diabetes and risk factor management with subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and whether the smoking related CVD risk differs among people with and without diabetes are unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations and interactions of smoking, diabetes, and risk factor management in relation to incident CVD.

Methods: This nationwide, population-based, prospective cohort study of 20 communities from various geographic regions recruited adults aged 40 years or older during 2011-2012.

Sodium butyrate potentiates insulin secretion from rat islets at the expense of compromised expression of β cell identity genes.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota have been well demonstrated to improve metabolic homeostasis. However, the role of SCFAs in islet function remains controversial. In the present study, none of the sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and sodium butyrate (SB) displayed acute impacts on insulin secretion from rat islets, whereas long-term incubation of the three SCFAs significantly potentiated pancreatic β cell function.

Age-specific modifiable risk factor profiles for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a nationwide, population-based, prospective cohort study.

Background: National investigations on age-specific modifiable risk factor profiles for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality are scarce in China, the country that is experiencing a huge cardiometabolic burden exacerbated by population ageing.

Methods: This is a nationwide prospective cohort study of 193,846 adults in the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study, 2011-2016. Among 139,925 participants free from CVD at baseline, we examined hazard ratios and population-attributable risk percentages (PAR%s) for CVD and all-cause mortality attributable to 12 modifiable socioeconomic, psychosocial, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors by four age groups (40-<55 years, 55-<65 years, 65-<75 years, and ≥75 years).

Association of soy food with cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in a Chinese population: a nationwide prospective cohort study.

Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the association of soy intake with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in a Chinese population composed of 97,930 participants aged ≥ 40 years old without CVD at baseline in 2011. Habitual soy intake over a period of 12 months was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire.

Association of sedentary time and carotid atherosclerotic plaques in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Atherosclerosis is a common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Multiple factors are involved in the development and progress of atherosclerosis. We evaluated the association of weekly sedentary time (WST) with carotid plaque formation.

Individual and Combined Associations of Glucose Metabolic Components With Cognitive Function Modified by Obesity.

Aim: We aimed to detect the individual and combined effect of glucose metabolic components on cognitive function in particular domains among older adults.

Methods: Data of 2,925 adults aged over 60 years from the 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Individuals' cognitive function was evaluated using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), the Animal Fluency Test (AF), the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Immediate Recall (CERAD-IR), and CERAD Delayed Recall (CERAD-DR).

New clusters of serum electrolytes aid in stratification of diabetes and metabolic risk.

Background: Serum electrolytes were found to associate with type 2 diabetes. Our study aimed to stratify nondiabetes by clusters based on multiple serum electrolytes and evaluate their associations with risk of developing diabetes and longitudinal changes in glucose and lipid metabolic traits.

Methods: We performed a data-driven cluster analysis in 4937 nondiabetes individuals aged ≥40 years at baseline from a cohort follow-up for an average of 4.

Combined berberine and probiotic treatment as an effective regimen for improving postprandial hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a double blinded placebo controlled randomized study.

Non-fasting lipidemia (nFL), mainly contributed by postprandial lipidemia (PL), has recently been recognized as an important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as fasting lipidemia (FL). PL serves as a common feature of dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), albeit effective therapies targeting on PL were limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the therapy combining probiotics (Prob) and berberine (BBR), a proven antidiabetic and hypolipidemic regimen via altering gut microbiome, could effectively reduce PL in T2D and to explore the underlying mechanism.

Associations of body shapes with insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

Background: We aimed to define refined body shapes by using multiple anthropometric traits that represent fat distribution, and evaluate their associations with risk of insulin resistance (IR) and cardiometabolic disorders in a Chinese population.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 6570 community-based participants aged ≥ 40 years. Four body circumferences (neck, waist, hip, and thigh) and their ratios were put simultaneously into an open-source Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis platform to select the worthiest indicators in determining IR.

Sexual dimorphism in glucose metabolism is shaped by androgen-driven gut microbiome.

Males are generally more susceptible to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D) than females. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here, we revealed that gut microbiome depletion abolished sexual dimorphism in glucose metabolism.

Discordance between the triglyceride glucose index and HOMA-IR in incident albuminuria: a cohort study from China.

Background: To date, there have no study comparing the associations between TyG index and HOMA-IR on the risk of incident albuminuria. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to use discordance analysis to evaluate the diverse associations between TyG index and HOMA-IR on the risk of incident albuminuria.

Methods: A community-based prospective cohort study was performed with 2446 Chinese adults.

Metabolomics study reveals systematic metabolic dysregulation and early detection markers associated with incident pancreatic cancer.

Biomarkers for early detection of pancreatic cancer are in urgent need. To explore systematic circulating metabolites unbalance and identify potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer in prospective Chinese cohorts, we conducted an untargeted metabolomics study in subjects with incident pancreatic cancer and matched controls (n = 192) from the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study. We characterized 998 metabolites in baseline serum and calculated 156 product-to-precursor ratios based on the KEGG database.

Association of Visit-to-Visit Variabilities in Metabolic Factors with Chronic Kidney Disease in Chinese Adults Living in Shanghai.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association of visit-to-visit variabilities in metabolic factors with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Shanghai community residents.

Methods: We used data from a cohort study of community residents who participated in three examinations in 2008, 2009, and 2013, respectively. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, blood pressure (BP), and lipid levels were determined in 2,109 participants at all three visits, and CKD was evaluated between the second and the third visits.

Association Between Age at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Nationwide, Population-Based, Cohort Study.

Objectives: Nationwide studies focusing on the impact of early-onset type 2 diabetes and obesity on the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited in China. We aimed to investigate the association between age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and the risk of CVD, and to further examine the modifying effect of obesity on this association among Chinese adults.

Methods: This study included 23,961 participants with previously diagnosed diabetes from a large nationwide population-based cohort study across mainland China.

Long-Term Glycemic Variability Is Associated With Arterial Stiffness in Chinese Adults.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and arterial stiffness in Chinese adults.

Methods: We performed a cohort study involving 2002 Chinese adults with no history of myocardial infarction or stroke. All the participants attended three visits (the baseline visit in 2008, the 2 visit in 2009 and the 3 visit in 2013).

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic goal achievement with incident cardiovascular disease and eGFR-based chronic kidney disease in patients with prediabetes and diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to evaluate the effect of NAFLD on the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)-based chronic kidney disease (CKD), and further test the joint effects and interactions between NAFLD status and individual metabolic element, as well as the total 'ABCs' metabolic goal achievement, on the CVD and CKD risk among 101,296 patients with prediabetes or diabetes from a prospective cohort study.

Methods: We conducted the study based on the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) study, a large-scale, population-based prospective cohort. After excluding alcohol abuse and other cause of hepatic diseases, we used fatty liver index (FLI) ≥ 60 as a proxy of NAFLD and stratified the probability of fibrosis by aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase ratio (AAR) with cut-offs of 0.

Causal Associations of Obesity With Chronic Kidney Disease and Arterial Stiffness: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Context: Observational studies have been associated obesity with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and arterial stiffness, but the causality remains unclear.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the causality of obesity with CKD and arterial stiffness using mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods: We genotyped 14 body mass index (BMI)-associated variants validated in East Asians in 11 384 Chinese adults.

Individual and Combined Cardiometabolic Morbidities and the Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Chinese Adults.

Context: Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia accelerates the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. However, data regarding the association between main cardiometabolic morbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and the subsequent risk of CVD events in Chinese adults are still limited.

Objective: To investigate the associations between individual and combined cardiometabolic morbidities and incident cardiovascular events in Chinese adults.

Gestational hyperglycemia and the risk of cardiovascular diseases among elderly Chinese women: Findings from the REACTION study.

Background: Gestational hyperglycemia increases the risk of diabetes in later life. However, the risk of future cardiovascular diseases (CVD) related to gestational hyperglycemia remains inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of gestational hyperglycemia on the subsequent risk of CVD and its modifying factors among elderly Chinese women.

High concentrations of triglycerides are associated with diabetic kidney disease in new-onset type 2 diabetes in China: Findings from the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study.

Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the associations of metabolic abnormalities with incident diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and to explore whether dyslipidaemia, particularly high fasting triglyceride (TG), was associated with the development of DKD.

Methods: In total, 11 142 patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m were followed up during 2011-2016.

Association between Lipid Profiles and Serum Urate: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southwestern China.

Objective: The relationship between lipid profiles and serum urate has not been fully investigated. This study aims to investigate the sex- and age-specific association between lipid profiles and serum urate.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 122,351 participants aged 18-99 years from a check-up centre in Southwestern China.

Untargeted LC/MS-Based Metabolic Phenotyping of Hypopituitarism in Young Males.

Hypopituitarism (Hypo-Pit) is partial or complete insufficiency of anterior pituitary hormones. Besides hormone metabolism, the global metabolomics in Hypo-Pit are largely unknown. We aimed to explore potential biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and personalized treatment.

The association between age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and albuminuria in Chinese adults: A nationwide population study.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed at a younger age worldwide and in China. Limited data are available regarding the association between age at diabetes diagnosis and risks of albuminuria. This study sought to examine the independent effect of age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes on the risk of albuminuria.