The Latex Protein MLX56 from Mulberry () Protects Plants against Insect Pests and Pathogens.

Biotic stresses are major constraints limiting the leaf quality and productivity of mulberry. MLX56 is a unique chitin-binding protein isolated from Shin-Ichinose () latex that displays toxicity against lepidopteran caterpillars. In this study, the full-length cDNA encoding MLX56 was isolated from Husang 32 () and designated .

Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Anti-avian Pathogenic Innate Immune Response of the Cherry Valley Duck CIITA Gene.

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) transactivator (CIITA) is a member of the pattern recognition receptor in cytoplasm, which is involved in host innate immune responses. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Cherry Valley duck CIITA (duCIITA) was cloned from the spleen of healthy Cherry Valley ducks for the first time. The CDs of duCIITA have 3648 bp and encode 1215 amino acids.

Melatonin Enhances Phenolics Accumulation Partially via Ethylene Signaling and Resulted in High Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Berries.

This study assessed the primary impacts of exogenous melatonin (MT) treatment on grape berry metabolism. Exogenous MT treatment increased the endogenous MT content and modified berry ripening. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the processes of polyphenol metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling were the three most significantly altered biological processes upon MT treatment.

Vertical Transmission of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Goose.

During a study on high mortality cases of goose embryo in Shandong Province, China (2014-2015), we isolated an H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) strain (A/goose/Shandong/DP01/2014, DP01), which was supposedly the causative agent for goose embryo death. Sequence analysis revealed that DP01 shared 99.9% homology in the HA gene with a classic immune suppression strain SD06.

Transcriptome Profiling to Identify Genes Involved in Mesosulfuron-Methyl Resistance in .

Non-target-site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides is a worldwide concern for weed control. However, as the dominant NTSR mechanism in weeds, metabolic resistance is not yet well-characterized at the genetic level. For this study, we have identified a shortawn foxtail ( Sobol.

Protection Mechanism of against Enteritidis Infection in Broilers.

This study was designed to evaluate the protection mechanism of oral administration of against enteritidis (SE) colonization in broilers. In the current study, 180 one-day-old healthy Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were meanly grouped into three, with three replicates of 20 birds each. An negative control group was fed basal diet without SE challenge and a positive control (PC) group was fed the basal diet and challenged with SE [10 colony forming unit (CFU)/0.

Identification of Important Amino Acids in Gal2p for Improving the L-arabinose Transport and Metabolism in .

Efficient and cost-effective bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials requires co-fermentation of the main hydrolyzed sugars, including glucose, xylose, and L-arabinose. is a glucose-fermenting yeast that is traditionally used for ethanol production. Fermentation of L-arabinose is also possible after metabolic engineering.

The Mechanism by Which Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride Increased the Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos to .

Beet armyworm, (Hübner) is one of the most destructive pests that causes significant losses in crops. Unfortunately, have developed resistance toward the majority of insecticides. Synergists may provide an important choice to deal with the resistance problems.

Characterization of Integrons and Resistance Genes in Isolates from Farm Animals in Shandong Province, China.

A total of 154 non-duplicate isolates were recovered from 1,105 rectal swabs collected from three large-scale chicken farms (78/325, 24.0%), three large-scale duck farms (56/600, 9.3%) and three large-scale pig farms (20/180, 11.

Serotype Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Class 1 Integrons Profiles of from Animals in Slaughterhouses in Shandong Province, China.

The current study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characterization of enterica isolated from animals in slaughterhouses before slaughter. A total of 143 non-duplicate were recovered from 1,000 fresh fecal swabs collected from four major pig slaughterhouses (49/600, 8.2%) and four major chicken slaughterhouses (94/400, 23.

Multifunctional Roles of Plant Dehydrins in Response to Environmental Stresses.

To respond to environmental changes, plants have developed complex mechanisms that allow them to rapidly perceive and respond to abiotic stresses. Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are a large and diverse family that play important roles in environmental stress tolerance in plants. Dehydrins belong to group II LEA proteins, which are considered stress proteins involved in the formation of plants' protective reactions to dehydration.

Identification of Salt Tolerance-related microRNAs and Their Targets in Maize ( L.) Using High-throughput Sequencing and Degradome Analysis.

To identify the known and novel microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets that are involved in the response and adaptation of maize () to salt stress, miRNAs and their targets were identified by a combined analysis of the deep sequencing of small RNAs (sRNA) and degradome libraries. The identities were confirmed by a quantitative expression analysis with over 100 million raw reads of sRNA and degradome sequences. A total of 1040 previously known miRNAs were identified from four maize libraries, with 762 and 726 miRNAs derived from leaves and roots, respectively, and 448 miRNAs that were common between the leaves and roots.

Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis for Deep-Sowing Germination Ability in the Maize IBM Syn10 DH Population.

Deep-sowing is an effective measure to ensure seeds absorbing water from deep soil layer and emerging normally in arid and semiarid regions. However, existing varieties demonstrate poor germination ability in deep soil layer and some key quantitative trait loci (QTL) or genes related to deep-sowing germination ability remain to be identified and analyzed. In this study, a high-resolution genetic map based on 280 lines of the intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) Syn10 doubled haploid (DH) population which comprised 6618 bin markers was used for the QTL analysis of deep-sowing germination related traits.

from Bovine Mastitis Induced Apoptosis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via Activation of Mitochondrial-Caspase Pathway.

is one of the causing agents of bovine mastitis and increasing prevalence of nocardial mastitis in shape of serious outbreaks has been reported from many countries. However, the mechanisms by which this pathogen damages the bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is not yet studied. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim to evaluate the apoptotic effects elicited by and to investigate the pathway by which the induce apoptosis in bMECs.

QTL Mapping for Phosphorus Efficiency and Morphological Traits at Seedling and Maturity Stages in Wheat.

Phosphorus (P) efficiency (PE), which comprises phosphorus uptake (PupE) and utilization efficiency (PutE), is considered as one of the most important factors for crop yield. In the present study, 11 seedling traits and 13 maturity traits related to wheat PE and morphology were investigated using a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of "TN 18 × LM 6," under hydroponic culture trials and field trials at low P (LP) and normal P (NP) levels in two different years, respectively. The LP input reduced of biomass, yield and PupE traits, but increased PutE traits.

Maximum Plant Uptakes for Water, Nutrients, and Oxygen Are Not Always Met by Irrigation Rate and Distribution in Water-based Cultivation Systems.

Growing on rooting media other than soils -i.e., substrate-based growing- allows for higher yields than soil-based growing as transport rates of water, nutrients, and oxygen in substrate surpass those in soil.

Overexpression of Cucumber Gene () in Tobacco Enhanced Salinity Stress Tolerance by Regulating Na-K Balance and Lipid Peroxidation.

Plant phospholipase D (PLD), which can hydrolyze membrane phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), a secondary signaling molecule, has been proposed to function in diverse plant stress responses. In this research, we characterized the roles of the cucumber gene (α, GenBank accession number EF363796) in growth and tolerance to short- and long-term salt stress in transgenic tobacco (). Fresh and dry weights of roots, PLD activity and content, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression, Na-K homeostasis, expression of genes encoding ion exchange, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and osmotic adjustment substances were investigated in wild type (WT) and α-overexpression tobacco lines grown under short- and long-term high salt (250 mM) stress.

Nitrate: A Crucial Signal during Lateral Roots Development.

Root plasticity is an important trait for plants to forage nutrient and adapt to survival in a complicated environment. Lateral roots (LRs) are generally more sensitive than primary roots in response to changing environmental conditions. As the main source of nitrogen for most higher plants, nitrate acting as a signal has received great attention in the regulation of LR development.

TPS46, a Rice Terpene Synthase Conferring Natural Resistance to Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid, (Linnaeus).

Plant terpene synthases (TPSs) are key enzymes responsible for terpene biosynthesis, and can play important roles in defense against herbivore attack. In rice, the protein sequence of TPS46 was most closely related to maize TPS10. However, unlike maize , was also constitutively expressed in rice even in the absence of herbivore attack.

Functional Characterization of Rhoptry Kinome in the Virulent RH Strain.

is an obligatory intracellular apicomplexan protozoan which can infect any warm-blooded animal and causes severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals or infants infected in utero. The survival and success of this parasite require that it colonizes the host cell, avoids host immune defenses, replicates within an appropriate niche, and exits the infected host cell to spread to neighboring non-infected cells. All of these processes depend on the parasite ability to synthesis and export secreted proteins.

Dietary Administration of Enhances Growth Performance, Immune Response and Disease Resistance in Cherry Valley Ducks.

Given the promising results of applying (.subtilis) as a probiotic in both humans and animals, the aim of this study was to systematically investigate the effects of on growth performance, immune response and disease resistance in Cherry Valley ducks. At 28 d post-hatch (dph), ducks fed a diet with weighed significantly more, had higher relative immune organ weights (e.

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of the TCP Gene Family in Prunus mume.

TCP proteins, belonging to a plant-specific transcription factors family, are known to have great functions in plant development, especially flower and leaf development. However, there is little information about this gene family in Prunus mume, which is widely cultivated in China as an ornamental and fruit tree. Here a genome-wide analysis of TCP genes was performed to explore their evolution in P.

Contribution of Multiple Inter-Kingdom Horizontal Gene Transfers to Evolution and Adaptation of Amphibian-Killing Chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.

Amphibian populations are experiencing catastrophic declines driven by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Although horizontal gene transfer (HGT) facilitates the evolution and adaptation in many fungi by conferring novel function genes to the recipient fungi, inter-kingdom HGT in Bd remains largely unexplored. In this study, our investigation detects 19 bacterial genes transferred to Bd, including metallo-beta-lactamase and arsenate reductase that play important roles in the resistance to antibiotics and arsenates.

Genetic Diversity and Molecular Evolution of a Violaxanthin De-epoxidase Gene in Maize.

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) has a critical role in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, which is involved in protecting the photosynthesis apparatus from damage caused by excessive light. Here, a VDE gene in maize, ZmVDE1, was cloned and shown to have functional domains in common with the gramineous VDE protein. Candidate gene association analysis indicated that no polymorphic sites in ZmVDE1 were significant association with any of the examined carotenoid-related traits at P = 0.

The mRNA and Proteins Expression Levels Analysis of TC-1 Cells Immune Response to H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus.

Since 1994, the H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has spread widely in mainland China, causing great economic losses to the poultry industry there. Subsequently, it was found that the H9N2 AIV had the ability to infect mammals, which gave rise to great panic. In order to investigate the immune response of a host infected with H9N2 AIV, TC-1 cells were set as a model in this research.