conTemporary reflectiOns regarding heart failure manaGEmenT - How to ovERcome the PorTuguese barriers (TOGETHER-PT).

Introduction And Objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that is a significant burden in hospitalisations, morbidity, and mortality. Although a significant effort has been made to better understand its consequences and current barriers in its management, there are still several gaps to address. The present work aimed to identify the views of a multidisciplinary group of health care professionals on HF awareness and literacy, diagnosis, treatment and organization of care, identifying current challenges and providing insights into the future.

Blockage of the adenosine A receptor prevents cardiac fibroblasts overgrowth in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Sustained pressure overload and fibrosis of the right ventricle (RV) are the leading causes of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although the role of adenosine in PAH has been attributed to the control of pulmonary vascular tone, cardiac reserve, and inflammatory processes, the involvement of the nucleoside in RV remodelling remains poorly understood. Conflicting results exist on targeting the low-affinity adenosine A receptor (AAR) for the treatment of PAH mostly because it displays dual roles in acute vs.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography method using UV/fluorescence detection for the quantitative determination of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in human urine: Application to patients with heart failure.

Recent evidence indicates the relevant role of the tryptophan (TRP) metabolites in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases via inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms. Therefore, quantification of TRP and its metabolites in biological samples can be a powerful tool to elucidate the disease mechanisms. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detection (FD) (LCUV/FD) method for the quantification of TRP and its metabolites (L-kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KA)) in urine samples from heart failure (HF) patients.

Fifteen years of coronary intravascular ultrasound in percutaneous coronary intervention in Portugal.

Introduction: Coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is increasingly important in catheterization laboratories due to its positive prognostic impact. This study aims to characterize the use of IVUS in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Portugal.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed based on the Portuguese Registry on Interventional Cardiology of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology.

Usefulness of Routine Fractional Flow Reserve for Clinical Management of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Diabetes.

Importance: Approximately one-third of patients considered for coronary revascularization have diabetes, which is a major determinant of clinical outcomes, often influencing the choice of the revascularization strategy. The usefulness of fractional flow reserve (FFR) to guide treatment in this population is understudied and has been questioned.

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness and rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) of integrating FFR in management decisions for patients with diabetes who undergo coronary angiography.

Neurohormonal modulation: The new paradigm of pharmacological treatment of heart failure.

The current paradigm of medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is triple neurohormonal blockade with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), a beta-blocker (BB) and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA). However, three-year mortality remains over 30%. Stimulation of counter-regulatory systems in addition to neurohormonal blockade constitutes a new paradigm, termed neurohormonal modulation.

Myocardial infarction before and after the age of 45: Possible role of platelet receptor polymorphisms.

Introduction: We examined the potential role of polymorphisms of the platelet genes GP1BA (rs2243093, rs6065 and VNTR), ITGB3 (rs5918), ITGA2 (rs938043469) and P2RY12 (rs2046934, rs6801273 and rs6798347) as risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods: The study population was divided into three groups: controls (n=235), MI at age ≤45 years (MI ≤45, n=44), and MI at age >45 years (MI >45, n=78). The control group was further divided into two subgroups (control ≤45 and >45), and subgroups including only men were also considered for statistical analysis.

A complex case of pacemaker lead endocarditis.

Pacemaker lead endocarditis is an uncommon complication after pacemaker implantation, but is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The authors describe the case of a 68-year-old woman with a double-chamber pacemaker since 2007, admitted to an internal medicine department for spondylodiscitis and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. During hospitalization, she had an episode of syncope; the 12-lead electrocardiogram showed pacemaker malfunction with ventricular undersensing and loss of capture.

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection: An underestimated entity.

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection is an uncommon congenital anomaly in which all (total form) or some (partial form) pulmonary veins drain into a systemic vein or into the right atrium rather than into the left atrium. The authors present one case of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and two cases of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, one of supracardiac drainage into the brachiocephalic vein, and the other of infracardiac anomalous venous drainage (scimitar syndrome). Through the presentation of these cases, this article aims to review the main pulmonary venous developmental defects, highlighting the role of imaging techniques in the assessment of these anomalies.

Late atypical atrial flutter after ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Cardiac surgery for structural heart disease (often involving the left atrium) and radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation have led to an increased incidence of regular atrial tachycardias, often presenting as atypical flutters. This type of flutter is particularly common after pulmonary vein isolation, especially after extensive atrial ablation including linear lesions and/or defragmentation. The authors describe the case of a 51-year-old man, with no relevant medical history, referred for a cardiology consultation in 2009 for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

[Atrioventricular septal defect in an adult patient: There are 'clefts' and clefts].

In this report, we present the case of an adult male with severe mitral regurgitation due to an atrioventricular septal defect. Anatomical assessment by two- and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography was essential for detailed morphological characterization and surgical planning. The different features of a 'cleft' in an atrioventricular septal defect compared to an anterior leaflet cleft in an otherwise normal mitral valve are here discussed.

Ischemia induced by coronary steal through a patent mammary artery side branch: a role for embolization.

Non-occlusion of the internal mammary artery side branches may cause ischemia due to flow diversion after coronary artery bypass grafting. The authors present the case of a 67-year-old man with recurrent angina after undergoing myocardial revascularization with a left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending bypass. He presented with impaired anterior wall myocardial perfusion in the setting of a patent left internal mammary artery side branch.

Left main coronary artery aneurysm.

Left main coronary aneurysm is extremely uncommon and its precise pathogenesis remains poorly understood. They are associated with serious complications and treatment is still the subject of disagreement. The authors present the case of a 42-year-old man admitted for a coronary syndrome, whose coronary angiogram revealed a large left main coronary aneurysm.