Blood oxygen regulation via P2Y12R expressed in the carotid body.

Background: Peripheral blood oxygen monitoring via chemoreceptors in the carotid body (CB) is an integral function of the autonomic cardiorespiratory regulation. The presence of the purinergic P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) has been implicated in CB; however, the exact role of the receptor in O sensing and signal transduction is unknown.

Methods: The presence of P2Y12R was established by immunoblotting, RT qPCR and immunohistochemistry.

Disrupted Social Hierarchy in Prenatally Valproate-Exposed Autistic-Like Rats.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired socio-communicational function, repetitive and restricted behaviors. Valproic acid (VPA) was reported to increase the prevalence of ASD in humans as a consequence of its use during pregnancy. VPA treatment also induces autistic-like behaviors in the offspring of rats after prenatal exposure; hence it is a preclinical disease model with high translational value.

Attitude of spine surgeons towards the application of 3D technologies - a survey of AOSpine members.

Background And Purpose: 3D technologies (3D virtual and physical model, 3D printing, computer aided engineering, finite element analysis based simulations) play an important role in personalized spine surgery. Objective - In collaboration with AOSpine a global, online survey-based study was performed in order to determine the acceptance rate and the factors which stand against the wider spread of 3D technologies.

Methods: A survey containing 21 questions was developed and divided into five pages, every page corresponding to one chapter.

Purinergic Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Multi-target System to Combat Neurodegeneration.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons that results in characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms. L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the gold standard therapy for the treatment of PD. However, long-term use of L-DOPA leads to side effects such as dyskinesias and motor fluctuation.

Role of P2 receptors in normal brain development and in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders.

The purinergic signaling system, including P2 receptors, plays an important role in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Over the last few decades, a substantial amount of accumulated data suggest that most P2 receptor subtypes (P2X1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, and P2Y, , , , and ) regulate neuronal/neuroglial developmental processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration of neuronal precursors, and neurite outgrowth. However, only a few of these subtypes (P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y, and P2Y) have been investigated in the context of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders.

P2X7 Receptors Drive Poly(I:C) Induced Autism-like Behavior in Mice.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a principal environmental risk factor contributing to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which compromises fetal brain development at critical periods of pregnancy and might be causally linked to ASD symptoms. We report that endogenous activation of the purinergic ion channel P2X7 (P2rx7) is necessary and sufficient to transduce MIA to autistic phenotype in male offspring. MIA induced by poly(I:C) injections to P2rx7 WT mouse dams elicited an autism-like phenotype in their offspring, and these alterations were not observed in P2rx7-deficient mice, or following maternal treatment with a specific P2rx7 antagonist, JNJ47965567.

Microglia and the Purinergic Signaling System.

Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system (CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the brain. Microglia are activated during diverse conditions, such as apoptosis, trauma, inflammation, and infection. The specific activities of microglia result from the confluence of environmental stimuli and the cellular state.

Author Correction: The ASIC3/P2X3 cognate receptor is a pain-relevant and ligand-gated cationic channel.

The originally published version of this article contained an error in the name of the author Flóra Gölöncsér, which was incorrectly given as Flóra Göröncsér. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

The ASIC3/P2X3 cognate receptor is a pain-relevant and ligand-gated cationic channel.

Two subclasses of acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC3) and of ATP-sensitive P2X receptors (P2X3Rs) show a partially overlapping expression in sensory neurons. Here we report that both recombinant and native receptors interact with each other in multiple ways. Current measurements with the patch-clamp technique prove that ASIC3 stimulation strongly inhibits the P2X3R current partly by a Ca-dependent mechanism.

Interictal Epileptiform Activity in the Foramen Ovale Electrodes of a Frontotemporal Dementia Patient.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a frequent cause of cognitive decline. While epilepsy is an important comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease, we lack studies on its presence in FTD. We report on an FTD patient with transient, short-term changes of behavior and cognitive performance suggesting non-convulsive epilepsy.

P2X7 Receptors Drive Spine Synapse Plasticity in the Learned Helplessness Model of Depression.

Background: Major depressive disorder is characterized by structural and functional abnormalities of cortical and limbic brain areas, including a decrease in spine synapse number in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Recent studies highlighted that both genetic and pharmacological invalidation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2rx7) leads to antidepressant-like phenotype in animal experiments; however, the impact of P2rx7 on depression-related structural changes in the hippocampus is not clarified yet.

Methods: Effects of genetic deletion of P2rx7s on depressive-like behavior and spine synapse density in the dentate gyrus were investigated using the learned helplessness mouse model of depression.

Contribution of platelet P2Y receptors to chronic Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain.

Unlabelled: Essentials The role of platelet P2Y receptors in the regulation of chronic inflammatory pain is unknown. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain model was used in mice. Gene deficiency and antagonists of P2Y receptors attenuate hyperalgesia and local inflammation.

Sleep EEG Detects Epileptiform Activity in Alzheimer's Disease with High Sensitivity.

Background: The reported prevalence of epilepsy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is variable, probably due to the different methodological approaches.

Objective: We aimed to define the optimal electroencephalogram (EEG) settings for reliable detection of epileptiform discharges in AD patients.

Methods: We analyzed 24-h EEGs of 5 patients living with AD and epilepsy.

The role of P2X7 receptors in a rodent PCP-induced schizophrenia model.

P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are ligand-gated ion channels sensitive to extracellular ATP. Here we examined for the first time the role of P2X7R in an animal model of schizophrenia. Using the PCP induced schizophrenia model we show that both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of P2X7Rs alleviate schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations.

Effects of state and trait anxiety on sleep structure: A polysomnographic study in 1083 subjects.

Anxiety affects millions of people and has been shown to co-occur in combination with sleep disturbances, generating heavy medical costs and a huge socio-medico-economic burden. Sleep-studies in anxiety disorders are inconsistent and the effects of state and trait anxiety are unexplored. We selected 1083 patients from the database of a hospital sleep laboratory.

Progress in elucidating the pathophysiological basis of nonrapid eye movement parasomnias: not yet informing therapeutic strategies.

Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) or arousal parasomnias are prevalent conditions in children and young adults, apparently provoked by any medical, physical, mental, or pharmacologic/toxic agent disturbing normal biorhythm and causing sleep fragmentation or abundant amount of slow wave sleep. The nadir and the ascending slope of the first sleep cycle of night sleep are the typical periods when NREM parasomnias, especially sleepwalking may occur on sleep-microstructural level; microarousals are the typical moments allowing NREM parasomnias. While sleep-disturbing factors have a clear precipitating effect, a genetic predisposition appears necessary in most cases.

Quality of functional movement patterns and injury examination in elite-level male professional football players.

The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of functional movement patterns among one of Hungary's first league soccer clubs, where the elite male football players (N = 20) utilize the well-established Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS) system; a comprehensive functional program designed to determine and identify the quality of movement and the greatest risk factors for non-contact injuries. Furthermore, an additional purpose of this program is to examine injuries over the course of 6 competitive months. Focusing on the mechanisms of injuries and their causes in the lower extremities during this period is one of the key objectives.

Adult-born granule cells mature through two functionally distinct states.

Adult-born granule cells (ABGCs) are involved in certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. It has been proposed that young but functionally integrated ABGCs (4-weeks-old) specifically contribute to pattern separation functions of the dentate gyrus due to their heightened excitability, whereas old ABGCs (>8 weeks old) lose these capabilities. Measuring multiple cellular and integrative characteristics of 3- 10-week-old individual ABGCs, we show that ABGCs consist of two functionally distinguishable populations showing highly distinct input integration properties (one group being highly sensitive to narrow input intensity ranges while the other group linearly reports input strength) that are largely independent of the cellular age and maturation stage, suggesting that 'classmate' cells (born during the same period) can contribute to the network with fundamentally different functions.

Abnormal glucose tolerance is associated with diminished postload change in leptin levels in women.

Background: It is generally accepted that the metabolic effects of leptin are diminished in the obese due to leptin resistance. Hormone resistance may develop if diurnal (including meal-related) changes in hormone levels are disrupted. We sought to describe leptin changes after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in women with a prior diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (a high risk group for the metabolic syndrome) compared to that in healthy controls.