Burden of major cancer types in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death, with a growing burden also observed in Kazakhstan. This study evaluates the burden of common cancers in Almaty, Kazakhstan's major city, from 2017 to 2021, utilizing data from the Information System of the Ministry of Health. In Kazakhstan, most common cancers among men include lung, stomach, and prostate cancer, while breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers are predominant among women.

Drug-loaded erythrocytes: Modern approaches for advanced drug delivery for clinical use.

Scientific organizations worldwide are striving to create drug delivery systems that provide a high local concentration of a drug in pathological tissue without side effects on healthy organs in the body. Important physiological properties of red blood cells (RBCs), such as frequent renewal ability, good oxygen carrying ability, unique shape and membrane flexibility, allow them to be used as natural carriers of drugs in the body. Erythrocyte carriers derived from autologous blood are even more promising drug delivery systems due to their immunogenic compatibility, safety, natural uniqueness, simple preparation, biodegradability and convenience of use in clinical practice.

Enhancing nursing documentation in Kazakhstan: assessing utilization and standardization for improving patient care.

Background And Aim: This article stresses the importance of comprehensive nursing documentation in scientific medicine and discusses the adoption of standardized terminologies in Europe. The study also presents findings from a cross-sectional study conducted in Kazakhstan, assessing the utilization of standard operating procedures and nursing documentation in various clinical scenarios. The aim was evaluate the level of use of the form of nursing documentation and Standard Operating Procedure within the framework of reforming the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Radiation makes cells select the form of death dependent on external or internal exposure: apoptosis or pyroptosis.

Internal radiation exposure from neutron-induced radioisotopes environmentally activated following atomic bombing or nuclear accidents should be considered for a complete picture of pathologic effects on survivors. Acute and localized high dose radiation exposure from hot particles taken into the body must induce cell death and severe damage to tissues, whether they are proliferating or not. However, very little the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this internal radiation pathology has been investigated.

Adrenothyroid System - History of the Question. Structural Organization and Mechanism of Regulatory Functions.

The review considers the fundamental bases of the structural organization and mechanisms of the regulatory functions of the adrenothyroid system. Impairment of adaptation mechanisms caused by activation of uncontrolled processes of a stress reaction or weakening of controlled stress reaction is primarily associated with disorders in the adrenothyroid relationship and the development of adrenothyroid dysfunction syndrome.

Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention in Primary Health Care in Kazakhstan-Results of a Cluster Randomised Pilot Study.

The aim of this pilot trial was to assess the feasibility of ASBI in primary health care units (PHCUs) in Kazakhstan. A two-arm cluster randomised trial in five PHCUs based on the RE-AIM framework for implementation studies was carried out. Patients with AUDIT-C scores ≥4 for females and ≥5 for males received a brief face-to-face intervention delivered by a trained physician plus information leaflet (intervention group, IG) or simple feedback including a leaflet (control group, CG).

Effects of internal exposure to neutron-activated 56MnO2 powder on locomotor activity in rats.

At the detonation of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a significant amount of radionuclides was produced by the neutron induced activation. The residual radiation from the explosion is crucial to the health risk of the people who entered these cities after the bombing and might have inhaled these radioactive materials. Because 56Mn is one of the major radionuclides produced in soil and have not been studied until now, we had conducted a series of experiments using rats to investigate the biological impacts of exposure of 56MnO2 particles.

External dose estimates of laboratory rats and mice during exposure to dispersed neutron-activated 56Mn powder.

Estimates of external absorbed dose in experimental animals exposed to sprayed neutron-activated 56Mn powder are necessary for comparison with internal absorbed doses estimated under the same exposure conditions, which is required for a correct interpretation of the observed biological effects. It has been established that the measured dose of external absorbed dose as a result of gamma irradiation range 1-15 mGy, which is order of magnitude less than the maximal dose of internal gamma and beta irradiation of the whole body of the same experimental animals irradiated under the same conditions: according to the available literature data, the maximal values ​​of absorbed dose of internal gamma-beta irradiation of the whole body are in the range of 330 mGy-1200 mGy for mice and 100 mGy-150 mGy for rats. It is concluded that under the conditions of experiments with dispersed neutron-activated powder 56MnO2, internal gamma-beta irradiation of experimental animals is the main factor of radiation exposure compared to external gamma irradiation.

Microdistribution of internal radiation dose in biological tissues exposed to 56Mn dioxide microparticles.

Manganese-56 (56Mn) was one of the dominant neutron-activated radionuclides during the first hours following the atomic-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The radiation spectrum of 56Mn and the radiation emission from excited levels of 56Fe following 56Mn beta-decay include gamma-quanta, beta-particles, Auger electrons and X-rays. The dispersion of neutron activated 56Mn in the air can lead to entering of radioactive microparticles into the lungs.

Adrenergic Receptors in the Mechanism of Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cytoplasmic Enzymes of Cardiomyocytes by Catecholamines.

We studied the role of adrenoceptors in the regulation of activity of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic enzymes in cardiomyocytes by catecholamines and their metabolites. Different types of adrenergic receptors (AR) agonists acting either on both α- and β-AR or selectively on α- or β-AR, as well as quinoid metabolites of catecholamines were used. It was found that the activating effect of β-AR agonist isadrin (isoproterenol) on succinate dehydrogenase of the mitochondria in the heart is prevented by β-adrenergic blockade.

Cryptogenic Stroke and Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: Risk Factors and Approaches for Detection of Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Stroke is a problem worldwide because of its high mortality and disability rates. Almost 90% of strokes are ischemic, and more than half of the deaths are caused by an ischemic stroke. Most risk factors for stroke are manageable so that it can be avoided with proper prevention.

Challenges of Access to WASH in Schools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Case Study from Rural Central Kazakhstan.

Safe water and sanitation, which give rise to appropriate hygiene, are fundamental determinants of individual and social health and well-being. Thereby, assessing and widening access to sustainable, durable water and sanitation infrastructure remains a global health issue. Rural areas are already at a disadvantage.

Association between body mass index and patient-reported-outcome questionnaire scores (CAT™, ACT™, mMRC dyspnoea scale, IPAQ) in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan: results of the CORE study.

Background: The overweight/obese population (evaluated by a body mass index, BMI) represents a global health problem and contributes to the development of various chronic diseases. In this epidemiological study we evaluated this relationship by analyzing patient-reported questionnaires related to respiratory function, physical activity and BMI.

Methods: In 2013-2015, adult residents of selected cities were enrolled to this study in: Ukraine (M/F: 403/561), Kazakhstan (M/F = 348/597) and Azerbaijan (M/F: 389/544).

Health Literacy of Rural Population of Kazakhstan.

Background: To date, there is no data available of health literacy of the population in Kazakhstan. This study was aimed to assess the health literacy of the rural population for the development of the targeted health education programs.

Methods: The adapted HLS-EU-Q47 survey was carried out among 1650 respondents aged 18-76 from rural settlements in Almaty region of Kazakhstan in 2013.

Impact of Local High Doses of Radiation by Neutron Activated Mn Dioxide Powder in Rat Lungs: Protracted Pathologic Damage Initiated by Internal Exposure.

Internal radiation exposure from neutron-induced radioisotopes environmentally activated following atomic bombing or nuclear accidents should be considered for a complete picture of pathologic effects on survivors. Inhaled hot particles expose neighboring tissues to locally ultra-high doses of β-rays and can cause pathologic damage. MnO powder was activated by a nuclear reactor to make MnO which emits β-rays.

Feasibility of alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary health care in Kazakhstan: study protocol of a pilot cluster randomised trial.

Background: Identifying and addressing heavy drinking represents a major public health priority worldwide. Whilst the majority of alcohol screening and brief intervention (ASBI) research has been conducted in western, high-income countries, evidence is growing that ASBI can also impact positively on heavy drinkers in low- and middle-income country populations. This mixed methods study aims to assess the feasibility of conducting a fully randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of ASBI in primary care in Kazakhstan and explore the feasibility and acceptability of implementing ASBI in this setting from patients' and physicians' perspectives.

[Resynchronization Therapy for Chronic Heart Failure: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches].

Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains one of the most important problems of modern cardiology. One of the effective treatment methods is resynchronization therapy (RT). The article presents an analysis of literature data on the effectiveness of RT in improving the quality of life, reducing the number of hospitalizations and mortality in patients with heart failure with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and expanding QRS complex, and also discusses key methods for optimizing RT.

Development and evaluation of a minimally aggressive method of patellofemoral osteoarthritis surgical treatment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of developed minimally invasive operation such as the partial lateral facetectomy (PLFE) with patella thickness resection in patients with lateral patellofemoral (PF) osteoarthritis on short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes.

Methods: This is a prospective study of 27 knees in 27 patients (18 females and 9 males, mean aged at surgery 59.1-year old) whom a PLFE with patella thickness resection using developed minimally invasive method was performed.

Multi-institutional Observational Study of Prophylactic Extended-Field Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy Using Weekly Cisplatin for Patients With Pelvic Node-Positive Cervical Cancer in East and Southeast Asia.

Purpose: This multi-institutional observational study conducted among 11 countries in East and Southeast Asia aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of prophylactic extended-field concurrent chemoradiation therapy using weekly cisplatin for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.

Methods And Materials: Between October 2007 and May 2016, 106 patients with untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were enrolled in the present study. Radiation therapy consisted of pelvic irradiation (total dose, 50 Gy in 25 fractions including central shielding), prophylactic paraortic regional irradiation (36-40 Gy in 20 fractions), and either high- or low-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) according to institutional practice.

Cost-effectiveness of Oral Protease Inhibitors Co-administration versus Pegylated Interferon-Α2b and Ribavirin Only for the Patients with Hepatitis C Genotype 1 in Kazakhstan Health Care Settings.

Background: The triple therapy including peginterferon, ribavirin and protease inhibitors was more effective compared to the combination of only peginterferon and ribavirin. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of triple treatment in either treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients in Kazakhstan.

Methods: A Markov model was created to assess long-term clinical advantages and the cost-effectiveness of the triple therapy from Kazakhstan payer perspective.

[Reference values of platelet aggregometry in healthy subjects.].

In this article, we set forth the average values and reference intervals of platelet aggregation in practically healthy individuals on the AggRAM optical aggregometer. The reference intervals of platelet aggregation activity with 5 µg/ml adenosine-5`-diphosphate and the area under the aggregation curve were 67,4-92,5% and 54,5-85,3; the reference intervals of platelet activity with 10 µg/ml adenosine-5`-diphosphate and the area under the aggregation curve were 76,8-97,2%% and 68,8-90,4. The obtained values of indicators can be used as reference in the clinical diagnostic laboratory of the University Hospital of Semey State Medical University.

Usefulness of FDG PET/CT derived parameters in prediction of histopathological finding during the surgery in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: Pancreatic cancer is the 4th most common cause of cancer death in Japan and exhibits a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 7%. The accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is important for determining the optimal management strategy. Fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG PET) integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has emerged as a powerful imaging tool for detecting and evaluating various cancers, and it is used for staging, detecting local recurrence and distant metastasis, measuring therapeutic effects, and predicting prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.

[Not Available].

Purpose: to elucidate independent clinical and laboratory predictors of adverse cardiovascular events (ACVE) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting in early inhospital period.

Materials And Methods: We included in this prospective single center study 130 patients with ACS who underwent PCI with stenting. All patients prior to and after PCI received dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel.