The validity of the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: To examine the validity of the three subtypes of ADHD defined by DSM-IV.

Method: Studies published in English were identified through searches of literature databases.

Results: Estimates of the prevalence of ADHD have increased as a result of the introduction of DSM-IV criteria.

Breastfeeding prevalence and practices among Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian mothers.

The National Breastfeeding Survey 2001 was the first comprehensive study on breastfeeding conducted on a national level in Singapore. It aimed to establish the prevalence of breastfeeding among Chinese, Malay and Indian mothers and to identify factors influencing breastfeeding. A total of 2098 mothers were interviewed in this two-phase study, with the first interview conducted 2 months after delivery and the second interview 6 months after birth among mothers who were still breastfeeding at 2 months.

Identification of RANKL in osteolytic lesions of the facial skeleton.

RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand) promotes osteoclast differentiation, stimulates osteoclast activity, and prolongs osteoclast survival and adherence to bone. Abnormalities of the RANKL/RANK/osteoprotegerin system have been implicated in a range of diseases, including osteoporosis. To date, no work has been done in osteolytic lesions of the facial skeleton.

Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary hospital in Singapore, linked to an index patient with atypical presentation: epidemiological study.

Objective: To describe an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a tertiary hospital in Singapore, linked to an index patient with atypical presentation, and the lessons learnt from it.

Design: Descriptive study.

Setting: A tertiary hospital in Singapore.

Computer prediction of hard tissue profiles in orthognathic surgery.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the accuracy of computer predictions by CASSOS (Computer-Assisted Simulation System for Orthognathic Surgery) 2001 software (2000 SoftEnable, Technology). Forty adult patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery were evaluated. Pre- and postsurgical lateral cephalographs were scanned into the computer, and 71 landmarks for each cephalograph were digitized.

Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Singapore.

Introduction: Oral lesions have been recognised as prominent features of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since the beginning of the epidemic.

Objective: This descriptive study was conducted to study the types of oral lesions among HIV-infected patients in Singapore.

Materials And Methods: Oral examination was done on 81 randomly selected HIV-infected patients attending the specialist outpatient clinic at the Communicable Disease Centre.

Post-laryngospasm pulmonary oedema in oral & maxillofacial surgery.

Laryngospasm in oral & maxillofacial surgery may occur due to irritants in the form of surgical debris washed towards the oropharynx. In the two cases reported, pulmonary oedema ensued after the laryngospasm was relieved. The mechanism and causative factors of this phenomena is explained and preventive measures discussed.

Outpatient general anaesthesia for oral surgery.

Outpatient general anaesthesia (GA) is administered for extraction of carious teeth in children and straightforward dento-alveolar surgery such as removal of impacted teeth, cyst enucleation and dental implantology in adults. Although oral surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia, GA is indicated in conditions when local anaesthesia is ineffective and in uncooperative patients because of age, fear or anxiety, mental impairment or physical disability. Outpatient GA for oral surgery yields a high satisfaction score from the patients.

Third molar surgery under local anaesthesia--a clinical audit.

A retrospective audit of third molar surgery performed under local anaesthesia in the Government Dental Clinic (Singapore), was undertaken to ascertain the prevalent indications for surgery, the types of medication commonly prescribed and the treatment outcome with an emphasis on the complications encountered. The audit revealed that prophylaxis was the chief indication for tooth removal and that both antibiotics and analgesics were prescribed by all staff members, with no one omitting the use of antimicrobials. A favourable outcome was recorded in 92.

Bioelectrical impedance: from theories to applications.

Total body bioelectrical impedance is a measure for total body water. From total body water the fat free mass and, by difference with body weight, the fat mass (body fat percent) can be calculated. Prediction formulas for body fat percent based on impedance assume a constant hydration of the fat free mass, an assumption that might be violated in individuals, thus resulting in biased individual predictions.

Validation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for estimation of intakes of energy, fats and cholesterol among Singaporeans.

The aim of this study was to assess the relative validity of a 159-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use among adult Singaporeans. This FFQ should be able to classify intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat and cholesterol into quintiles of intakes for purposes of epidemiological studies. A total of 126 subjects (84 women and 42 men) took part in the study which included an interview using the newly developed FFQ (assess past month's intake) and three 24-h (24 h) recalls (reference method, collected over a period of 1 month).

Prediction of percentage body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in Singaporean and Beijing Chinese.

Body composition was measured in 205 male and female Beijing Chinese and in 148 male and female Singaporean Chinese, age 34 (mean) (range 18-68) years and body mass index (BMI) 22.3 (15.9-38.