Intergovernmental or fully independent? Designing a scientific panel on evidence for action against antimicrobial resistance.

Effective global action against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) relies on the successful synthesis and translation of rigorous scientific evidence into policy and practice. Despite a call in 2019 by the Interagency Coordination Group on AMR to establish a policy-science interface, and the reaffirmation to establish a scientific panel in the 2024 Political Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance, no authoritative entity currently exists that synthesizes the scientific evidence on AMR and outlines policy options based on the best scientific insight. A Scientific Panel on Evidence for Action against AMR (SPEA) could address this gap, as well as contribute to additional governance gaps in the space of AMR, by facilitating better global coordination and cooperation; establishing real-time evidence to guide policy actions; and monitoring progress towards any globally agreed upon AMR goals and targets.

Community pharmacy-based buprenorphine programs and pharmacists' roles, knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to providing buprenorphine-related services: A systematic review.

Background: Buprenorphine is an effective medication for treating opioid use disorder (OUD) and reducing opioid-related overdose deaths. Community pharmacies are key access points for buprenorphine, with pharmacists well-positioned to dispense and counsel patients on appropriate use. Recent evidence has identified pharmacists' growing engagement in buprenorphine services; yet, access to buprenorphine and related services in community pharmacies remains limited.

Taking the temperature of the United States public regarding microbiome engineering.

This paper presents the first representative survey of U.S. adults' opinions on microbiome engineering within the built environment, revealing public awareness, perceived benefits and risks, and attitudes toward genetically engineered microbiomes.

Life course patterns of work history and cognitive trajectories among community-dwelling older adults.

Objectives: Prior research indicated that diverse work experiences in early and middle life stages are associated with cognitive function in later life. However, whether life course patterns of work history are associated with later life cognitive function in China remains unknown.

Methods: Data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, and 5,800 participants aged 60 years or older were included.

Understanding deep disadvantage at the end of life: A nationwide analysis of unclaimed deaths.

Objectives: To describe unclaimed deaths nationwide and to examine contextual factors associated with higher rates of these types of interments.

Methods: Unclaimed death records from 2009 to 2021 were collected by a combination of direct outreach and obtaining data from publicly available websites. Data were summarized by county-year and linked to American Community Survey demographic variables, as well as markers of social isolation and economic disadvantage.

Estimating the collapse of Afghanistan's economy using nightlights data.

The Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021 is associated with a rapid collapse of the Afghan economy. However, assessing the scale of this collapse is proving difficult as official data are scarce. To complement qualitative measures obtained through rapid surveys of the population, we employ monthly nightlights data as a proxy measure for changes in economic activity.

Prejudice and stereotypes at regional and individual levels: Related but distinct.

Exploring how psychological constructs and their outcomes vary across geographic regions is a rapidly expanding area of research, yet fundamental questions remain. Can constructs designed to describe individual variation in attitudes be interpreted in the same way when aggregated to regional levels? To what extent are they related or distinct? We tested the relationship between individual and regional attitudes across four studies in the domain of intergroup attitudes. Participants reported explicit prejudices and stereotypes toward 14 different social groups, and incorporating data from Project Implicit, we compared the characteristics of regional and individual operationalizations of prejudice.

New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 08: Society and Economy.

Climate change is affecting or will affect the lives of every resident of New York State. This chapter examines the impacts of climate change on five critical areas in the state: populations and migration, the economy, education, culture, and government. The chapter highlights differential vulnerabilities among the state's regions, populations, workers, and businesses, paying particular attention to issues of equity and environmental justice.

High Incubation Attendance and Nesting Site Constraints of the Sclater's Monal in an Alpine Environment in Southwestern China.

Breeding in alpine environments poses significant challenges to birds, requiring specific adaptations for survival. The Sclater's monal (), a regionally threatened, typical alpine pheasant species, is restricted to high-elevation habitat from the East Himalayas to the mountains of west Yunnan, China. Due to its low population density and the difficulty of accessing its habitats, the breeding ecology of this species is understudied.

Misinformation exploits outrage to spread online.

We tested a hypothesis that misinformation exploits outrage to spread online, examining generalizability across multiple platforms, time periods, and classifications of misinformation. Outrage is highly engaging and need not be accurate to achieve its communicative goals, making it an attractive signal to embed in misinformation. In eight studies that used US data from Facebook (1,063,298 links) and Twitter (44,529 tweets, 24,007 users) and two behavioral experiments (1475 participants), we show that (i) misinformation sources evoke more outrage than do trustworthy sources; (ii) outrage facilitates the sharing of misinformation at least as strongly as sharing of trustworthy news; and (iii) users are more willing to share outrage-evoking misinformation without reading it first.

Assessing greenspace and cardiovascular health through deep-learning analysis of street-view imagery in a cohort of US children.

Background: Accurately capturing individuals' experiences with greenspace at ground-level can provide valuable insights into their impact on children's health. However, most previous research has relied on coarse satellite-based measurements.

Methods: We utilized CVH and residential address data from Project Viva, a US-based pre-birth cohort, tracking participants from mid-childhood to late adolescence (2007-21).

Cognitive reflection is a distinct and measurable trait.

We report the findings of an adversarial collaboration examining whether the cognitive reflection test (CRT) measures anything beyond mathematical aptitude and, if so, whether its incremental predictive validity can be attributed to reflection, per se. We found that an 8-item CRT has greater predictive validity than an 8-item Mathematical Aptitude Test (MAT) consisting of comparably difficult items which lack dominant intuitive lures. Further, the incremental predictive validity stems from the CRT's measurement of reflection, which we show using both structural equation models and a dual-response paradigm that helps distinguish susceptibility to intuitions from inadequate mathematical aptitude.

Community perceptions of invasive species and environmental management in a US island territory.

Environmental managers struggle with communicating accurate and relevant information and with gaining trust from the communities they serve, problems that are especially pronounced in minority and colonized communities. An important step in developing successful management strategies is partnering directly with the communities involved, but community perceptions are rarely surveyed thoroughly when developing these strategies. We held discussions with 73 people across 22 small groups about their perceptions of environmental issues, with a focus on invasive species, on the island of Guåhan (Guam), a US island territory with a long and continued history of colonization by Western countries.

Toward a management framework for smart and sustainable resource management: The case of the Appalachian Trail.

With the Appalachian Trail (AT) as our research setting, grounded theory as our methodological approach, and qualitative interviews and archival analysis as our methods, we investigate the role crowdsourced data, social media, and smartphone apps could play in sustainable resource management (SRM). Centering the perspectives of AT resource managers, our analysis reveals that digital technologies can create new challenges and exacerbate existing ones. Place-centered challenges intensified by digital technologies are overcrowding and trail infrastructure degradation.

An Automated Approach to Causal Inference in Discrete Settings.

Applied research conditions often make it impossible to point-identify causal estimands without untenable assumptions. -bounds on the range of possible solutions-is a principled alternative, but the difficulty of deriving bounds in idiosyncratic settings has restricted its application. We present a general, automated numerical approach to causal inference in discrete settings.

Toward a National Profile of Loneliness in Old-Age China: Prevalence and Lonely Life Expectancy.

Objectives: Loneliness presents a significant challenge for many older adults in China. Understanding the national scale and patterns of loneliness is critical to inform and guide policy interventions. This study builds a national profile of loneliness among Chinese adults aged 55 and above, illustrating the prevalence of loneliness and the average years expected to feel lonely, and examining how these measures vary by urban/rural residence and gender.

Adaptive human behaviour modulates the impact of immune life history and vaccination on long-term epidemic dynamics.

The multiple immunity responses exhibited in the population and co-circulating variants documented during pandemics show a high potential to generate diverse long-term epidemiological scenarios. Transmission variability, immune uncertainties and human behaviour are crucial features for the predictability and implementation of effective mitigation strategies. Nonetheless, the effects of individual health incentives on disease dynamics are not well understood.

Multisectoral Emission Impacts of Electric Vehicle Transition in China and India.

Transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs) is a central strategy for reducing carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions. Although the emission impacts of reduced gasoline combustion and increased power generation are well recognized, the impacts of growing EV manufacturing activities remain understudied. Here, we focus on China and India, two of the fastest-growing EV markets.

Learning from employer experiences with paid leave policy expansions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The United States does not have a federal policy offering employees paid leave. We study employer attitudes toward the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) federal emergency paid leave policies temporarily adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic to draw lessons for proposed permanent federal paid leave policies. We analyzed a 2021 survey of 300 San Francisco Bay Area employers to examine employers' experiences with paid sick leave (PSL) and paid family leave (PFL) policies during the COVID-19 pandemic, along with their attitudes regarding FFCRA paid leave.

Mortality caused by tropical cyclones in the United States.

Natural disasters trigger complex chains of events within human societies. Immediate deaths and damage are directly observed after a disaster and are widely studied, but delayed downstream outcomes, indirectly caused by the disaster, are difficult to trace back to the initial event. Tropical cyclones (TCs)-that is, hurricanes and tropical storms-are widespread globally and have lasting economic impacts, but their full health impact remains unknown.

Publishing priorities in global health: A framework and empirical analysis.

Though vital to health policymaking processes, little is known about the distribution of attention to issues global health journals focus on or their alignment with commitments to health equity. We developed a new framework and methods to help address these analytical gaps. We used content analysis to systematically identify and novel methods to measure attention to themes, subthemes and geographies represented in more than 2,000 research articles published in two of the longest-running multidisciplinary global health journals, and , between 2004 and 2018.