PROTOCOL: Non-criminal justice interventions for countering cognitive and behavioural radicalisation amongst children and adolescents: A systematic review of effectiveness and implementation.

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows. (1) Examine whether secondary and tertiary interventions delivered outside of the criminal justice system are effective at countering the cognitive and behavioural radicalisation of children and adolescents by synthesising evidence relating to relevant primary and secondary outcomes of effectiveness.

Retinotopic biases in contextual feedback signals to V1 for object and scene processing.

Identifying the objects embedded in natural scenes relies on recurrent processing between lower and higher visual areas. How is cortical feedback information related to objects and scenes organised in lower visual areas? The spatial organisation of cortical feedback converging in early visual cortex during object and scene processing could be retinotopically specific as it is coded in V1, or object centred as coded in higher areas, or both. Here, we characterise object and scene-related feedback information to V1.

Optimising episodic encoding within segmented virtual contexts.

The encoding of episodic memories depends on segmentation; memory performance improves when segmentation is available and performance is impaired when segmentation is absent. Indeed, for episodic memories to be created, the encoding of information into long-term memory requires the experience of event boundaries (i.e.

Processes and measurements: a framework for understanding neural oscillations in field potentials.

Various neuroscientific theories maintain that brain oscillations are important for neuronal computation, but opposing views claim that these macroscale dynamics are 'exhaust fumes' of more relevant processes. Here, we approach the question of whether oscillations are functional or epiphenomenal by distinguishing between measurements and processes, and by reviewing whether causal or inferentially useful links exist between field potentials, electric fields, and neurobiological events. We introduce a vocabulary for the role of brain signals and their underlying processes, demarcating oscillations as a distinct entity where both processes and measurements can exhibit periodicity.

Contrasting two versions of the 4-cup 2-item disjunctive syllogism task in great apes.

Chimpanzees excel at inference tasks which require that they search for a single food item from partial information. Yet, when presented with 2-item tasks which test the same inference operation, chimpanzees show a consistent breakdown in performance. Here we test a diverse zoo-housed cohort (n = 24) comprising all 4 great ape species under the classic 4-cup 2-item task, previously administered to children and chimpanzees, and a modified task administered to baboons.

Selectivity in Buttress Drumming Tree Properties Among Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Waibira Community in Budongo Forest, Uganda.

Wild chimpanzees drum on tree buttresses during dominance displays and travel, generating low-frequency sounds that are audible over distances of more than 1 km. Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Nimba Mountains of Guinea selectively choose trees and buttresses when drumming, potentially based on their resonant properties, suggesting that these chimpanzees are optimizing their drumming signals. We investigated whether male eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from the Waibira community in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, also show preferences in tree and buttress choice, exploring whether selectivity is a species-wide feature.

Coming to terms with climate change: a glossary for climate change impacts on mental health and well-being.

Climate change is a major threat to global health. Its effects on physical health are increasingly recognised, but mental health impacts have received less attention. The mental health effects of climate change can be direct (resulting from personal exposure to acute and chronic climatic changes), indirect (via the impact on various socioeconomic, political and environmental determinants of mental health) and overarching (via knowledge, education and awareness of climate change).

Choroid plexus morphology in schizophrenia and early-stage psychosis: A cross-sectional study.

Background: The choroid plexus is an important structure within the ventricular system. Schizophrenia has been associated with morphological changes to the choroid plexus but the presence and extent of alterations at different illness stages is unclear.

Methods: We examined choroid plexus volumes in participants at clinical high-risk for psychosis (N = 110), participants with first-episode psychosis (N = 37), participants with schizophrenia (N = 28), clinical (N = 38) and non-clinical controls (N = 75).

A history of traumatic brain injury is associated with poorer cognition and imaging evidence of altered white matter tract integrity in UK Biobank ( = 50 376).

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. We currently have no means to identify patients most at risk of neurodegenerative disease following injury and, resultantly, no means to target risk mitigation interventions. To address this, we explored the association between history of traumatic brain injury with cognitive performance and imaging measures of white matter integrity.

Independent SAGE as an example of effective public dialogue on scientific research.

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020 and then a pandemic on 11 March 2020. In early 2020, a group of UK scientists volunteered to provide the public with up-to-date and transparent scientific information. The group formed the Independent Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Independent SAGE) and provided live weekly briefings to the public via YouTube.

Training primates to forage in virtual 3D environments.

Virtual environment software is increasingly being employed as a non-invasive method in primate cognition research. Familiar and novel stimuli can be presented in new ways, opening the door to studying aspects of cognition in captivity which previously may not have been feasible. Despite the increased complexity of visual input compared to more traditional computerised studies, several groups of captive primates have now been trained to navigate virtual three-dimensional environments.

Establishing a Comprehensive Hierarchical construct of Eustress (CHE).

Unlabelled: Eustress as a positive response to challenging situations has received increasing attention across diverse literatures, reflecting its potential to improve wellbeing, work performance, and personal growth. In the process, eustress has been defined, measured, and manipulated in myriad ways, leading to fragmentation and vagueness. Because a unified and well-specified construct would significantly support eustress research, we developed one here.

Using cluster-based permutation tests to estimate MEG/EEG onsets: How bad is it?

Localising effects in space, time and other dimensions is a fundamental goal of magneto- and electroencephalography (EEG) research. A popular exploratory approach applies mass-univariate statistics followed by cluster-sum inferences, an effective way to correct for multiple comparisons while preserving high statistical power by pooling together neighbouring effects. Yet, these cluster-based methods have an important limitation: each cluster is associated with a unique p-value, such that there is no error control at individual timepoints, and one must be cautious about interpreting when and where effects start and end.

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Community-Recruited Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis: Results From the Youth Mental Health Risk and Resilience Study (YouR-Study).

Clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) individuals are typically recruited from clinical services but the clinical and functional outcomes of community-recruited CHR-P individuals remain largely unclear. The Youth Mental Health Risk and Resilience Study (YouR-Study) obtained a community sample of CHR-P individuals through an online-screening approach and followed-up these individuals for a period of up to 3 years to determine transition rates, persistence of attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and functional outcomes. Baseline data were obtained from  = 144 CHR-P participants,  = 51 participants who met online cutoff criteria but not CHR-P criteria (CHR-Ns), and  = 58 healthy controls.

From Nutritional Patterns to Behavior: High-Fat Diet Influences on Inhibitory Control, Brain Gene Expression, and Metabolomics in Rats.

Impulsive and compulsive behaviors are associated with inhibitory control deficits. Diet plays a pivotal role in normal development, impacting both physiology and behavior. However, the specific effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on inhibitory control have not received adequate attention.

Large language models surpass human experts in predicting neuroscience results.

Scientific discoveries often hinge on synthesizing decades of research, a task that potentially outstrips human information processing capacities. Large language models (LLMs) offer a solution. LLMs trained on the vast scientific literature could potentially integrate noisy yet interrelated findings to forecast novel results better than human experts.

A non-human primate combinatorial system for long-distance communication.

Complex vocal systems are thought to evolve if individuals are regularly challenged by complex social decision-making, the social complexity hypothesis. We tested this idea on a West African forest non-human primate, the Olive colobus monkey, a highly cryptic species with very little social behavior and very small group sizes, factors unlikely to favor the evolution of complex communication. The species also has an unusual fission-fusion social system, with group members regularly spending considerable amounts of time with neighboring groups.

Sidelobe suppressed Bessel beams for one-photon light-sheet microscopy.

The Bessel beam (BB) has found widespread adoption in various forms of light-sheet microscopy. However, for one-photon fluorescence, the transverse profile of the beam poses challenges due to the detrimental effect of the sidelobes. Here, we mitigate this issue by using a computer-generated phase element for generating a sidelobe suppressed Bessel beam (SSBB).

Habitualness, reward and external constraints: Exploring the underlying influences of daily water intake using the Situated Assessment Method.

Understanding what facilitates and hinders water drinking is crucial to inform interventions for preventing underhydration. Using the Situated Assessment Method, we extended previous research by examining what influences water drinking in daily life. We studied 213 UK adults, assessing 13 potential predictors (e.

Local and interareal alpha and low-beta band oscillation dynamics underlie the bilateral field advantage in visual working memory.

Visual working memory has a limited maximum capacity, which can be larger if stimuli are presented bilaterally vs. unilaterally. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying this bilateral field advantage are not known.

Entrainment of neural oscillations during language processing in Early-Stage schizophrenia.

Background: Impairments in language processing in schizophrenia (ScZ) are a central aspect of the disorder but the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms are unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that neural oscillations are impaired during speech tracking in early-stage ScZ and in participants at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P).

Method: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used in combination with source reconstructed time-series to examine delta and theta-band entrainment during continuous speech.

Linking the microarchitecture of neurotransmitter systems to large-scale MEG resting state networks.

Neuronal oscillations are ubiquitous in brain activity at all scales and their synchronization dynamics are essential for information processing in neuronal systems. The underlying synaptic mechanisms, while mainly based on GABA- and glutamatergic neurotransmission, are influenced by neuromodulatory systems that have highly variable densities of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters across the cortical mantle. How they constrain the network structures of interacting oscillations has remained a central unaddressed question.