Physiologic and metabolic responses to a continuous functional resistance exercise workout.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiologic and perceptual responses to a continuous functional exercise workout. Ten men and 10 women (21.2 +/- 2.

Change in physical education motivation and physical activity behavior during middle school.

Purpose: To test a mediational model of the relationships among motivation-related variables in middle-school physical education and leisure-time physical activity behavior.

Methods: Sixth- and seventh-grade physical education students from five middle schools in the midwest United States completed a survey containing measures of study variables on two occasions, 1 year apart.

Results: Motivation-related constructs positively predicted leisure-time physical activity behavior.

The acute effects of sleeper stretches on shoulder range of motion.

Context: The deceleration phase of the throwing motion creates large distraction forces at the shoulder, which may result in posterior shoulder tightness and ensuing alterations in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and may result in an increased risk of shoulder injury. Researchers have hypothesized that various stretching options increase this motion, but few data on the effectiveness of treating such tightness are available.

Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of "sleeper stretches" on shoulder ROM.

Heart rates of high school physical education students during team sports, individual sports, and fitness activities.

This study examined how activity type influenced heart rates and time spent in target heart rate zones of high school students participating in physical education classes. Significantly higher average heart rates existed for fitness (142 +/- 24 beats per minute [bpm]) compared to team (118 +/- 24 bpm) or individual (114 +/- 18) activities. Similar results occurred for the percentage of activity time spent within a target heart rate zone (fitness 81.

Differences in scapular upward rotation between baseball pitchers and position players.

Background: Baseball pitchers have been reported to have an increased prevalence of shoulder injury compared with position players such as infielders and outfielders. Furthermore, insufficient scapular upward rotation has been empirically linked with several of these shoulder disorders. However, the difference in scapular upward rotation between pitchers and position players is not known.

Time-of-day variation in cardiovascular response to maximal exercise testing in coronary heart disease patients taking a beta-blocker.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a beta-blocker (atenolol and metoprolol) on exercise heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) during a morning and afternoon maximal exercise test (maxET) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Twenty-one CHD patients (59.9 +/- 8.

The validity of using prior ratings of perceive exertion to regulate resistance exercise intensity.

This investigation examined the validity of using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to regulate intensity during resistance exercise. 19 male (M age = 22.2 yr.

The effects of external support on electromechanical delay of the peroneus longus muscle.

Ankle taping and bracing is commonly used in athletics and both have been shown to be effective in reducing injury. Ankle proprioception has been shown to increase with external support due to the activation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors, however, the sensorimotor effect has not been studied Electromechanical delay (EMD) is defined as the time lag from the onset of electrical activity in the muscle to the subsequent mechanical response. The purpose of this investigation was to measure and compare the EMD of the peroneus longus muscle during ankle unsupported, braced, and taped conditions.

Scapular dysfunction in throwers with pathologic internal impingement.

Study Design: Case control group study.

Objectives: To compare scapular position and orientation between baseball players with and without pathologic internal impingement.

Background: Scapular dysfunction has been implicated as a contributor to throwing-related pathologic internal impingement of the shoulder due to its role in increasing the contact between the greater tuberosity and posterior-superior glenoid, thereby impinging the posterior rotator cuff tendon(s) and labrum.

Construct validity of the OMNI resistance exercise scale.

This study examined the construct validity of the Adult OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Exercise (OMNI-RES). Forty (20 men and 20 women) subjects performed 1 repetition of the knee extension exercise at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of the 1 repetition maximum. Active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected from the Borg 15-category RPE scale and the OMNI-RES immediately following each repetition.

Physical fitness profile of Army ROTC cadets.

One role of Army Reserved Officer's Training Corps (ROTC) programs is to physically prepare cadets for the demands of a military career. Cadets participate in physical training 3 days per week as part of their military science curriculum. Limited research has been conducted on the fitness level of ROTC cadets; therefore, the purpose of this study was to profile the physical fitness status of a cadre of ROTC cadets.

Anchoring procedures in reliability of ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise.

Although the validity of perceived exertion as a method of monitoring the intensity of resistance exercise has been established, little is known about the test-retest reliability of ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise. Specifically, it is unknown whether the use of different anchoring procedures influences the reliability of ratings of perceived exertion. 30 men were assigned to an Exercise, Memory, or combined Exercise and Memory anchoring group.

Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine whether endurance cycling performance and postexercise muscle damage were altered when consuming a carbohydrate and protein beverage (CHO+P; 7.3% and 1.8% concentrations) versus a carbohydrate-only (CHO; 7.

EMG analysis of peroneal and tibialis anterior muscle activity prior to foot contact during functional activities.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the pre-activity of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and peroneus brevis (PB) prior to foot contact during three conditions. Twenty-six subjects (age 22 +/- 2 yrs; 15 male, 11 female) with no lower extremity injuries reported for data collection. Data were collected from each subject's dominant leg using surface electromyography (EMG).

Promoting physical activity among sedentary women using pedometers.

Sedentary women (n = 92) classified as low (L), medium (M), and high (H) in baseline step counts and assigned to 10,000-step goal (TSG) and personal step goal (PSG) groups (within levels) were compared on goal attainment and step counts. A significant interaction for goal attainment, F(2, 86) = 4.51, p = .

Ratings of perceived exertion and muscle activity during the bench press exercise in recreational and novice lifters.

This study examined ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and electromyography (EMG) during resistance exercise in recreational and novice lifters. Fourteen novice (age = 21.5 +/- 1.

Physiologic profile of the fitness status of collegiate cheerleaders.

Cheerleading, traditionally considered a nonathletic activity, has evolved into a competitive sport requiring high levels of fitness. Despite the trend of cheerleaders performing increasingly difficult and athletic skills, very little is known about their fitness levels. The purpose of this study was to provide a physiological profile of the fitness status of a squad of collegiate cheerleaders.

Health-care consumption and recurrent myocardial infarction after 1 year of conventional treatment versus short- and long-term cardiac rehabilitation.

Background: The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a conventional treatment and short- and a long-term cardiac rehabilitation program in terms of health-care consumption and recurrence of myocardial infarction in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.

Methods: One hundred twenty-eight patients were followed over a 1-year period post-myocardial infarction (MI). The patients in the control group (n = 54) received conventional treatment (COT) including general education on CHD and risk factor management by their physician.

Intrasession and intersession reliability of the quadriceps Hoffmann reflex.

The Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) is a resting electromyographic (EMG) measurement of motoneuron pool recruitment. While the soleus H-reflex has been studied extensively, the study of the quadriceps H-reflex has been limited for various reasons. To date no data exist regarding the reliability of this measurement within and between sessions over an extended period of time.

Reflected appraisals and perceived importance of significant others' appraisals as predictors of college athletes' self-perceptions of competence.

This study examined the reflected appraisal process with college athletes (N = 325). Specifically, the study tested (a) the relative influence of the reflected appraisals of mothers, fathers, coaches, and teammates (i.e.

Task duration in contextual interference.

Duration of practice trial on a pursuit rotor task in contextual interference was investigated. Participants practiced at each of 4 angular velocities, with 24 participants completing 28 trials lasting 20 sec., and 24 participants completing 112 trials of 5 sec.

Applying contextual interference to snowboarding skills.

This investigation was designed to apply contextual interference to acquisition of snowboarding skills. 20 participants completed several acquisition stages lasting about 2 hours while either alternating the direction of the turn within each stage or completing the whole stage while attempting turns in one direction, then repeating the stage for the other direction of turn. Following acquisition, all participants returned 1 wk.