Upper extremity blood flow changes in professional baseball pitchers between two consecutive seasons.

Background: Because of the tremendous forces produced and the repetitive nature of baseball, players have shown various shoulder adaptations in strength and range of motion. However, no research has identified whether alterations occur in the blood flow to the dominant arm among competitive baseball players.

Methods: Twenty professional baseball pitchers and 16 position players participated.

Ankle Dorsiflexion Displacement During Landing is Associated With Initial Contact Kinematics but not Joint Displacement.

The ankle, knee, and hip joints work together in the sagittal plane to absorb landing forces. Reduced sagittal plane motion at the ankle may alter landing strategies at the knee and hip, potentially increasing injury risk; however, no studies have examined the kinematic relationships between the joints during jump landings. Healthy adults (N = 30; 15 male, 15 female) performed jump landings onto a force plate while three-dimensional kinematic data were collected.

Physical activity participation and constraints among athletic training students.

Context: Researchers have examined the physical activity (PA) habits of certified athletic trainers; however, none have looked specifically at athletic training students.

Objective: To assess PA participation and constraints to participation among athletic training students.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Blood flow after exercise-induced muscle damage.

Context: The most common modality used to address acute inflammation is cryotherapy. Whereas pain decreases with cryotherapy, evidence that changes occur in perfusion of skeletal muscle is limited. We do not know whether ice attenuates the increases in perfusion associated with acute inflammation.

Decreased blood flow in the throwing arm of professional baseball pitchers.

Background: As a consequence of the repetitive forces placed on the throwing arm of a baseball player, various bony, capsuloligamentous, and muscular adaptations occur and have been identified. However, no research has identified whether adaptations also exist in the vasculature of the upper extremity in the competitive baseball player.

Methods: Fifty-one professional baseball pitchers and 34 position players participated.

Concurrent Associations between Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration with Childhood Obesity.

Aim. To examine the simultaneous influence of physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration recommendations on the odds of childhood obesity (including overweight). Methods.

Estimating physical activity in children: impact of pedometer wear time and metric.

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide a practical demonstration of the impact of monitoring frame and metric when assessing pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) in youth.

Methods: Children (N = 1111) were asked to wear pedometers over a 7-day period during which time worn and steps were recorded each day. Varying data-exclusion criteria were used to demonstrate changes in estimates of PA.

Accuracy of Neck Circumference in Classifying Overweight and Obese US Children.

Objective. To evaluate classification accuracy of NC and compare it with body mass index (BMI) in identifying overweight/obese US children. Methods.

Diagnostic performance of BMI percentiles to identify adolescents with metabolic syndrome.

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic performance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and FITNESSGRAM (FGram) BMI standards for quantifying metabolic risk in youth.

Methods: Adolescents in the NHANES (n = 3385) were measured for anthropometric variables and metabolic risk factors. BMI percentiles were calculated, and youth were categorized by weight status (using CDC and FGram thresholds).

Emphasizing appearance versus health outcomes in exercise: the influence of the instructor and participants' reasons for exercise.

The objectifying nature of exercise environments may prevent women from reaping psychological benefits of exercise. The present experiment manipulated self-objectification through an exercise class taught by an instructor who emphasized exercise as either a means of acquiring appearance or health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to test for interactions between the class emphasis and participants' reasons for exercise (i.

Age, task complexity, and sex as potential moderators of attentional focus effects.

The study tested whether age, sex, or task complexity moderate the effect of attentional focus on motor learning. Children (24 boys, 24 girls) and adults (24 men, 24 women) were assigned to an internal or external attentional focus, and were timed while riding either a Double Pedalo with handles (simple task) or without handles (complex task) over a distance of 7 meters. A Double Pedalo is a four-wheeled device that involves standing on two connected platforms, and alternately pushing them forward to make it move.

Concussion-assessment and -management techniques used by athletic trainers.

Context: Understanding concussion-assessmment and -management practices that athletic trainers (ATs) currently use will allow clinicians to identify potential strategies for enhancing the quality of care provided to patients.

Objective: To assess current clinical concussion diagnostic and return-to-participation practices among ATs.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

An examination of the principles of influence on condom use decision making during casual sex encounters.

Cialdini's (1984) principles of influence were employed to inform the decision-making process with respect to using condoms during casual sex. In the current study, focus groups (n = 9) were conducted to understand the relationship between the six principles of influence (authority, consistency, liking, reciprocity, scarcity, and social proof) and condom use in casual sex relationships. Results revealed that authority, consistency, and social proof were endorsed often as influencing condom use.

Increased lipid oxidation during exercise in obese pubertal girls: a QUALITY study.

Objective: This study explores differences in LO rates between pre-pubertal and pubertal girls of three body weight status groups.

Methods: The sample included 39 pre-pubertal girls [12 normal-weight (NW), 12 overweight (OW), and 15 obese (OB)] and 37 pubertal girls [16 NW, 10 OW, and 11 OB]. Following a rest period, the girls performed a graded maximal cycling test.

Adductor longus activation during common hip exercises.

Context: Hip-adductor strains are among the most common lower-extremity injuries sustained in athletics. Treatment of these injuries involves a variety of exercises used to target the hip adductors.

Objective: To identify the varying activation levels of the adductor longus during common hip-adductor exercises.

Single-limb-balance difficulty on 4 commonly used rehabilitation devices.

Context: Balance training is widely used by rehabilitation professionals and has been shown to be effective at reducing risk of injury, as well as improving function after injury. However, objective evidence for the difficulty of commonly available equipment is lacking.

Objective: To assess center-of-pressure (COP) area and average sway velocity in healthy subjects while performing a single-limb stance on 4 commonly available rehabilitation devices to determine their level of difficulty.

Physical fitness and academic performance in middle school students.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine whether physical fitness is linked to academic success in middle school students.

Methods: The FITNESSGRAM test battery assessed students (n = 838) in the five components of health-related fitness. The Illinois Standardized Achievement Test (ISAT) was used to assess academic achievement in reading and math.

Microvascular perfusion increases after eccentric exercise of the gastrocnemius.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess microvascular perfusion immediately after eccentric exercise using contrast-enhanced sonography.

Methods: An intravenous catheter was placed in the antecubital vein of the arm contralateral to the leg being tested for the delivery of microbubbles to 18 healthy volunteers (mean age ± SD, 22.2 ± 2.

Filtering ground reaction force data affects the calculation and interpretation of joint kinetics and energetics during drop landings.

An inverse dynamic analysis and subsequent calculation of joint kinetic and energetic measures is widely used to study the mechanics of the lower extremity. Filtering the kinematic and kinetic data input to the inverse dynamics equations affects the calculated joint moment of force (JMF). Our purpose was to compare selected integral values of sagittal plane ankle, knee, and hip joint kinetics and energetics when filtered and unfiltered GRF data are input to inverse dynamics calculations.

The relationship between latissimus dorsi stiffness and altered scapular kinematics among asymptomatic collegiate swimmers.

Objectives: To determine the strength of the relationship between latissimus dorsi stiffness and altered scapular kinematics among swimmers.

Design: Cross sectional.

Setting: Laboratory.

From the gait laboratory to the rehabilitation clinic: translation of motion analysis and modeling data to interventions that impact anterior cruciate ligament loads in gait and drop landing.

In female athletes the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury during impact-related activities such as landing is higher compared to males. Both how and why this occurs has been at the forefront of orthopedic sports medicine research over the past 20 years. Many individuals with an ACL-deficient knee compensate for joint instability in an effort to remain physically active.