The Endocannabinoid System and Eating Behaviours: a Review of the Current State of the Evidence.

Purpose Of The Review: The endocannabinoid system (ENS) has emerged as an important factor in food intake and may have implications for nutrition research. The objective of the current report is to summarise the available evidence on the ENS and eating behaviour from both animal and human studies.

Recent Findings: The literature reviewed demonstrates a clear link between the ENS and eating behaviours.

Associations between Body Composition and Vitamin D Status in Children with Overweight and Obesity Participating in a 1-Year Lifestyle Intervention.

Background: To examine associations between body composition and vitamin D status in children participating in a lifestyle intervention. Methods: Children (6−12 y, n = 101) with a body mass index (BMI)-for-age >85th percentile were randomized to six dietitian-led behavior counselling sessions or no intervention. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), anthropometry, and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed every 3 months for 1 year.

PREPARE trial: a protocol for a multicentre randomised trial of frailty-focused preoperative exercise to decrease postoperative complication rates and disability scores.

Introduction: Frailty is a strong predictor of adverse postoperative outcomes. Prehabilitation may improve outcomes after surgery for older people with frailty by addressing physical and physiologic deficits. The objective of this trial is to evaluate the efficacy of home-based multimodal prehabilitation in decreasing patient-reported disability and postoperative complications in older people with frailty having major surgery.

Nutrition and food literacy among young Canadian adults living with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: Nutrition and food literacy encompasses knowledge, skills and confidence to prepare healthy meals. This project aimed to assess and compare the proportion of young Canadian adults (18-29 years old) living with type 1 diabetes and without diabetes (controls) who demonstrated adequate nutritional health literacy.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved participants completing an online survey that included questions on socio-economic status, nutrition knowledge, confidence and skills in meal preparation and the Short Food Literacy Questionnaire (SFLQ).

Associations Between Socioeconomic Status and Patient Experience With Type 1 Diabetes Management and Complications: Cross-sectional Analysis of a Cohort From Québec, Canada.

Background: Low socioeconomic status (SES) may add to the challenges of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management and be an independent risk factor for chronic and acute diabetes complications. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the association between SES and TID management and risk of complications in a universal health-care system using data from a registry of people living with T1D (PWT1D) in Québec, Canada (the BETTER registry).

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analysis describing the association between SES factors (education, income, employment and insurance coverage) and T1D outcomes (glycated hemoglobin [A1C], acute and chronic complications and comorbidities), using chi-square tests and regression analyses (adjusted for diabetes duration, sex, ethnicity and diabetes technology use).

Self-reported Severe and Nonsevere Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes: Population Surveillance Through the BETTER Patient Engagement Registry: Development and Baseline Characteristics.

Objectives: The BETTER (BEhaviors, Therapies, TEchnologies and hypoglycemic Risk in Type 1 diabetes) registry is a type 1 diabetes population surveillance system codeveloped with patient partners to address the burden of hypoglycemia and assess the impact of new therapies and technologies. The aim of this report was to describe the baseline characteristics of the BETTER registry cohort.

Methods: A cross-sectional baseline evaluation was performed of a Canadian clinical cohort established after distribution of an online questionnaire.

Nutrition education: Optimising preparation and recovery for benign oesophageal surgery.

Background: Patients requiring upper gastrointestinal surgery for benign oesophageal conditions are at nutrition risk before and after surgery. There is a dearth of published evidence guiding clinicians on effective collaboration with patients to mitigate perioperative nutritional challenges. We conducted a qualitative study aiming to explore patients' perioperative food, nutrition, and educational experiences to guide future care.

Association of Low Muscle Mass With Cognitive Function During a 3-Year Follow-up Among Adults Aged 65 to 86 Years in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

Importance: Cross-sectional studies have shown that combined low muscle mass and strength are associated with cognitive impairment. Whether low muscle mass, reflective of physiologic reserve, is independently associated with faster cognitive decline remains unknown.

Objective: To investigate the associations between low muscle mass and cognitive decline in 3 distinct domains among adults aged at least 65 years.

Vitamin D supplementation and gross motor development: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial.

Background: Vitamin D status during pregnancy, early childhood and season-at-birth are implicated in gross motor development (GMD).

Aim: To test whether vitamin D intake in infancy and season-at-birth affect GMD in early childhood.

Study Design: 3-year follow up study of a single-center trial.

3D Food Printing Applications Related to Dysphagia: A Narrative Review.

Dysphagia is a condition in which the swallowing mechanism is impaired. It is most often a result of a stroke. Dysphagia has serious consequences, including choking and aspiration pneumonia, which can both be fatal.

Tailoring prehabilitation to address the multifactorial nature of functional capacity for surgery.

Mounting evidence suggests that recovery begins before the surgical incision. The presurgery phase of recovery, namely the preparation for optimal surgical recovery, can be reinforced with prehabilitation. Prehabilitation is the approach of enhancing the functional capacity of the individual to enable them to withstand a stressful event.

Food Insecurity and Mental Well-Being in Immigrants: A Global Analysis.

Introduction: This study estimates the prevalence of food insecurity, mental well-being, and their associations among immigrants and compares the food insecurity-mental well-being associations with nonimmigrants globally and by region.

Methods: The Gallup World Poll data from 2014 to 2019 were analyzed in 2021. A total of 36,313 immigrants and 705,913 nonimmigrants were included.

Altered serum bile acid profile in fibromyalgia is associated with specific gut microbiome changes and symptom severity.

Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiome in women with fibromyalgia have recently been demonstrated, including changes in the relative abundance of certain bile acid-metabolizing bacteria. Bile acids can affect multiple physiological processes, including visceral pain, but have yet to be explored for association to the fibromyalgia gut microbiome. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomic approaches were used to characterize the gut microbiome and circulating bile acids in a cohort of 42 women with fibromyalgia and 42 healthy controls.

Correction of neonatal vitamin D status using 1000 IU vitamin D/d increased lean body mass by 12 months of age compared with 400 IU/d: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Intrauterine exposure to maternal vitamin D status <50 nmol/L of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] may adversely affect infant body composition. Whether postnatal interventions can reprogram for a leaner body phenotype is unknown.

Objectives: The primary objective was to test whether 1000 IU/d of supplemental vitamin D (compared with 400 IU/d) improves lean mass in infants born with serum 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L.

Maternal and cord blood parameters are associated with placental and newborn outcomes in indigenous mothers: A case study in the MINDI cohort.

Background: Multiple infections, nutrient deficiencies and inflammation (MINDI) occur in indigenous communities, but their associations with perinatal outcomes have not been described.

Objective: To assess maternal and cord blood micronutrient and inflammation status in peripartum mothers from the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in Panama, and their associations with placental and infant outcomes.

Methods: In 34 mother-newborn dyads, placental weight and diameter were measured, and maternal and cord blood were processed for complete cell counts, serum C-reactive protein, ferritin, serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), vitamins A and D.

Iron- and erythropoietin-resistant anemia in a spontaneous breast cancer mouse model.

Anemia of cancer (AoC) with its multifactorial etiology and complex pathology is a poor prognostic indicator for cancer patients. One of the main causes of AoC is cancer-associated inflammation that activates mechanisms, commonly observed in anemia of inflammation, whereby functional iron deficiency and iron-restricted erythropoiesis are induced by increased hepcidin levels in response to raised levels of interleukin-6. So far only a few AoC mouse models have been described, and most of them did not fully recapitulate the interplay of anemia, increased hepcidin levels and functional iron deficiency in human patients.

Changes in Adiposity without Impacting Bone Health in Nine- to Twelve-Year-Old Children with Overweight and Obesity after a One-Year Family-Centered Lifestyle Behavior Intervention.

Few family-centered lifestyle interventions (FCLIs) for children with overweight or obesity (OW/OB) have assessed regional adiposity and bone health. This study assessed changes in adiposity in 9- to 12-year olds with OW/OB in a 1-year FCLI. Children were randomized to FCLI (six registered dietitian-led sessions) or no intervention (Control, CTRL).

Dietary Intake Is Unlikely to Explain Symptom Severity and Syndrome-Specific Microbiome Alterations in a Cohort of Women with Fibromyalgia.

Background: Significant alterations were recently identified in the composition and putative function of the gut microbiome in women with fibromyalgia. As diet can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, differences in nutritional intake could, in theory, account for some of these specific fibromyalgia microbiome alterations. The current study aims to compare the diet of women with fibromyalgia to that of controls in order to explore possible associations between the intake of certain nutrients, symptom severity and gut microbiome composition.

Journey to Promoting Structural Change for Chronic Disease Prevention: Examining the Processes for Developing Policy, Systems, and Environmental Supports in Native American Nations.

Background: Obesity and chronic disease rates continue to be disproportionally high among Native Americans (NAs) compared with the US general population. Policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) changes can address the root causes of these health inequalities by supporting access to healthy food and physical activity resources.

Objective: We aim to describe the actors and processes involved in developing PSE changes supporting obesity prevention in NA Nations.

Association Between Dietary Fluoride and Calcium Intake of School-Age Children With Symptoms of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis in Halaba, Southern Ethiopia.

Background: In the Ethiopian Rift Valley, ways to reduce the fluoride (F) burden from drinking water have been unsuccessful. Calcium (Ca) intake may mitigate fluorosis by binding with F ions and preventing absorption. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between Ca intake and proportion of fluorosis symptoms in school-age children in an area where F levels are known to be higher than WHO limit of 1.

Maternal Participation Level in a Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Intervention Matters for Child Diet and Growth Outcomes in Rural Ghana.

Background: Little is known about how the level of program participation affects child nutrition in rural interventions.

Objectives: This study examined the association between participation level in a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention and children's diet and anthropometric outcomes in rural Ghana.

Methods: Nutrition Links was a cluster randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.

The impact of tuberculosis co-infection on virological failure among adults living with HIV in Ethiopia: A systematic review and -analysis.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common serious opportunistic infection among people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and are considered as the double burden diseases of the world. TB is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV, accounting one in three HIV related deaths. Although TB is responsible for high burden of virological unsuppressed in Ethiopia, there is no national level evidence.