COVID-19 and lockdown: Insights from Mumbai.

Background: Mumbai is facing the full brunt of the COVID-19 pandemic epidemiologically and economically.

Objectives: The objective was to understand the spatial distribution and trends of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Mumbai during the lockdown period and draw insights for effective actions.

Methods: Spatial and trend analysis was conducted to trace the spread of the virus during the lockdown period in April 2020.

Gender differences in the risk factors for high and very high blood glucose levels: A study of Kerala.

Background And Aims: Worldwide, lifestyle is a significant risk factor for diabetes. Lifestyle changes can lead to differences in the extent of risk of diabetes among women and men. Kerala, a state with one of the best health indicators in India, has a high prevalence of diabetes.

What makes primary healthcare facilities functional, and increases the utilization? Learnings from 12 case studies.

Background: The last few decades have witnessed a number of innovative approaches and initiatives to deliver primary healthcare (PHC) services in different parts of India. The lessons from these initiatives can be useful as India aims to strengthen the PHC system through Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) component under Ayushman Bharat Program, launched in early 2018.

Materials And Methods: Comparative case study method was adopted to systematically document a few identified initiatives/models delivering the PHC services in India.

Addressing mealtime behaviours of children with autism spectrum disorders in schools: a qualitative study with educators in Mumbai, India.

This study was conducted to explore the experiences of educators with mealtime behaviours of children with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in schools, and to explore the strategies undertaken in schools to improve nutrition among these children. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 educators of various special schools across Mumbai. They described their experiences with 3-11 year-old children with a diagnosis of ASD.

Public health-oriented healthcare systems: Need for a modified typology.

Healthcare systems across the world are dominated by medical care services compared to public health services. Within public health services, individual-oriented interventions dominate compared to population-based interventions perhaps due to the inherent dominance of biomedical approaches within public health. Clarity is needed between diverse approaches, methods and targets of public health as against clinical care services delivered under healthcare systems.

Characteristics of a Nationwide Voluntary Antibiotic Resistance Awareness Campaign in India; Future Paths and Pointers for Resource Limited Settings/Low and Middle Income Countries.

Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions globally, prompting the World Health Organization to advise nations to take up antibiotic awareness campaigns. Several campaigns have been taken up worldwide, mostly by governments. The government of India asked manufacturers to append a 'redline' to packages of antibiotics as identification marks and conducted a campaign to inform the general public about it and appropriate antibiotic use.

Utilisation and financial protection for hospital care under publicly funded health insurance in three states in Southern India.

Background: Many LMICs have implemented Publicly Funded Health Insurance (PFHI) programmes to improve access and financial protection. The national PFHI scheme implemented in India for a decade has been recently modified and expanded to cover free hospital care for 500 million persons. Since increase in annual cover amount is one of the main design modifications in the new programme, the relevant policy question is whether such design change can improve financial protection for hospital care.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among persons aged 15-49 in India: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: This is the first attempt to provide estimates on the prevalence of hypertension at the national, state and district level, a prerequisite for designing effective interventions. Besides, the study aims to identify the risk factors of hypertension.

Design: We analysed cross-sectional survey data from the fourth round (2015-2016) of National Family Health Survey (NFHS).

Evidence of 'obstetric violence' in India: an integrative review.

The term 'obstetric violence' has been used to describe the mistreatment, disrespect and abuse or dehumanized care of women during childbirth by health care providers. This is a review of the existing literature in India on violence against women during childbirth. The review used the typology of Bohren et al.

Patient experiences and health system responsiveness among internal migrants: A nationwide study in 13 Indian cities.

Objective: To report various components of health system responsiveness among poor internal migrants who availed the government health facilities in 13 Indian cities.

Materials And Methods: Cluster random sampling was used to select 50,806 migrant households, of which 14,263 households avail the government health facility in last six months. In addition, 5072 women, who sought antenatal care and 3946 women who had delivery in government health facility during last six months were also included.

Community perspectives on primary health centers in rural Maharashtra: What can we learn for policy?

Introduction: Primary Health Centers (PHCs) are intended to be the "backbone" of the Indian public health system. Yet, these do not get utilized as frontline institutions for basic curative care. As we embark on comprehensive primary health care initiatives, it is important to understand people's perceptions on PHCs; and design services that cater to their felt needs.

Current Asbestos Exposure and Future Need for Palliative Care in India.

Asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) are incurable but entirely preventable. Due to India's continuing use of asbestos, ARD patients will increase to a high number in the next three to four decades. This will increase the burden on palliative care system which is in nascent stage presently.

Cost of Delivering Secondary Healthcare Through the Public Sector in India.

Background: Government spending on provision of secondary healthcare has increased four-fold (in real terms) over the last decade in India. The evidence on the cost of secondary care to the health system is limited. The present study estimates the total and unit cost of services at community health centres (CHCs) and district hospitals (DHs) across India.

Exploring Parental Perceptions and Concerns About Sexuality and Reproductive Health of Their Child With Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD) in Mumbai.

In India, sexuality is defined by society, which considers it as a taboo and is usually restricted to sex and related issues like sexual abuse, safe sex, unwanted pregnancy, etc. For a person with disability, sexual desires and wish for parenthood are considered as uncommon. Persons with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) are characterized by subnormal intelligence, which may partially or totally restrict the person's ability to perform day-to-day activities and take life decisions.

How context affects implementation of the Primary Health Care approach: an analysis of what happened to primary health centres in India.

Introduction: In this paper, we elucidate challenges posed by contexts to the implementation of the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach, using the example of primary health centres (rural peripheral health units) in India. We first present a historical review of 'written' policies in India-to understand macro contextual influences on primary health centres. Then we highlight micro level issues at primary health centres using a contemporary case study.

Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Girls and women need effective, safe, and affordable menstrual products. Single-use products are regularly selected by agencies for resource-poor settings; the menstrual cup is a less known alternative. We reviewed international studies on menstrual cup leakage, acceptability, and safety and explored menstrual cup availability to inform programmes.

Child health and unhealthy sanitary practices in India: Evidence from Recent Round of National Family Health Survey-IV.

Objectives: Despite threefold increase in investment (from Rs. 28,500 million to Rs. 90,000 million during 2014-17) in the allocation of funds for the Clean India movement, creating awareness and various social movements, more than half of the rural population (52.

Progress towards universal health coverage in the context of rheumatic diseases in India.

Aim: This study aims to measure current situation with regard to access and financial protection towards healthcare for rheumatic diseases (RDs) in India.

Method: The first part of this study is quantitative, and uses the data generated by the 71st Round of National Sample Survey 2014, which measured self-reported morbidity, choice of provider and utilization of services and out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) incurred on healthcare services in a sample of 65 932 households and 333 104 individuals from all across India. The second qualitative part of the study was done in one sample district to understand the barriers to access and financial protection.

Undernutrition among tribal children in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India.

Background: Maharashtra is the richest Indian state. However, prevalence of undernutrition is unacceptably high in Maharashtra, particularly among the tribal children. In 2005, child malnutrition claimed as many as 718 lives in one single district namely Palghar.

Status of Health Management Education in India: Past, Present, and Future.

This article provides a perspective on the evolution of health management education in India, its current state and the way forward. Health management originated in India in response to the administrative needs of the healthcare system, which is now moving toward institutional care, away from its earlier form of home healthcare. As this field evolved over time, new roles emerged for health management professionals.

An exploration of the psychometric properties of the SATAQ-4 among adolescent boys in Japan.

Research among Western adult and adolescent males suggests that sociocultural influences are implicated in the drive for muscularity and weight-change behaviors. However, few studies have examined these relationships among adolescent boys from non-Western backgrounds. The current study sought to assess the psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4), a 22-item, 5-factor measure of sociocultural influence on appearance ideals, among Japanese (n = 984) adolescent boys.

Effect of menstruation on girls and their schooling, and facilitators of menstrual hygiene management in schools: surveys in government schools in three states in India, 2015.

Background: Lack of menstrual knowledge, poor access to sanitary products and a non-facilitating school environment can make it difficult for girls to attend school. In India, interventions have been developed to reduce the burden of menstruation for school girls by government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). We sought to identify challenges related to menstruation, and facilitators of menstrual management in schools in three states in India.

The relationship between sensory integration challenges and the dietary intake and nutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Mumbai, India.

This study was conducted to assess the dietary intake, food refusal, and nutritional status of younger and older children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Mumbai, India, and to understand the relationships between these variables and mealtime behaviors and sensory integration. This was an observational cross-sectional study. Convenience and snowball sampling was used.

Assessing geographical inequity in availability of hospital services under the state-funded universal health insurance scheme in Chhattisgarh state, India, using a composite vulnerability index.

Background: Countries are increasingly adopting health insurance schemes for achieving Universal Health Coverage. India's state-funded health insurance scheme covers hospital care provided by 'empanelled' private and public hospitals.

Objective: This paper assesses geographical equity in availability of hospital services under the universal health insurance scheme in Chhattisgarh state.