Behaviour change interventions to improve household sanitation and hygiene practices in urban settings: A systematic scoping review.

Introduction: Behaviour change interventions have the potential to improve sanitation and hygiene practices in urban settings. However, evidence on which behaviour change interventions have successfully improved sanitation and hygiene practices in urban settings is unclear.

Methods: We performed electronic searches across five databases and one grey literature database to identify relevant studies published between January 1, 1990 and November 20, 2023 in English.

Prognostic significance of serum complement activation, neutrophil extracellular traps and extracellular DNA in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer.

Purpose: We observed that the tumor microenvironment (TME) in metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and in other solid tumors can reprogram normal neutrophils to acquire a complement-dependent suppressor phenotype characterized by inhibition of stimulated T cell activation. This study aims to evaluate whether serum markers of neutrophil activation and complement at diagnosis of EOC would be associated with clinical outcomes.

Experimental Design: We conducted a two-center prospective study of patients with newly diagnosed EOC (N = 188).

Artificial Oxygen Carriers Save Lives in Expanded Access Use: Three Cases when Blood Was Not an Option.

Clinical Features: Sickle cell patients may develop a multitude of antibodies and experience life-threatening events with transfusion such as hyperhemolysis syndrome or delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. Further transfusion may not be possible in such cases.

Therapeutic Challenge: When conventional blood products are not available for transfusion yet the patient requires additional oxygen-carrying support, artificial oxygen carriers may be required.

West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Background: West Nile virus (WNV), although underdiagnosed, is the most common mosquito-borne disease and the second most common cause of viral encephalitis in the United States. Fewer than 1% of those infected develop neuroinvasive disease.

Methods: We present a cluster of 3 cases of neuroinvasive WNV that occurred between August and September 2023 and a review of the literature for neurologic involvement with this virus.

Gender inequality: policy responses to employment and education in BRICS countries.

This study assesses gender inequality in education and employment in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries between the 2000 and 2021, using data from the World Bank database. A descriptive data analysis was carried out as well as graphical representations to compare among countries. The results showed that that female education achieved significant success, especially at secondary and tertiary levels, through specific policies including financial support and affirmative actions.

Updates in lung isolation techniques.

Innovations and challenges for lung separation or isolation have evolved during the last few years. In this chapter, we present the up-to-date, robust evidence available during the previous five years supporting the positions of the different devices, techniques, and tricks for their use in adult and pediatric patients undergoing various thoracic surgical interventions. Additionally, we presented an update on lung isolation in patients with airway difficulty and the suggested training level to master these techniques.

Intravenous iron therapy for treating patients with iron deficiency anaemia during the perioperative period of gynecological malignancy.

Anaemia is a common phenomenon in patients with malignant gynecological tumors. The occurrence of anaemia in the perioperative period leads to an increased probability of blood transfusion, increased surgical complications,poor wound healing, prolonged hospitalization, increased medical costs, and increased mortality. Intravenous iron, which is known for its rapid onset and lack of gastrointestinal side effects, has become increasingly prevalent in clinical practice.

Postpartum hemorrhage assessment and targeted treatment.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, and mitigating it is a global health priority. In this review, we discuss the measurement, assessment, and treatment of PPH. We review different methods of quantifying blood loss, including gravimetry, calibrated drapes and canisters, and colorimetric techniques.

Epidemiology, trends, and disparities in maternal mortality: A framework for obstetric anesthesiologists.

Since 2015, reductions in maternal mortality have stalled globally. In some parts of the world, severe maternal morbidity and mortality have increased, and most cases are thought to be from preventable causes. This is further exacerbated by significant racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities in maternal health outcomes, particularly among countries with diverse populations.

The effect of web-based breastfeeding education given to primiparous pregnant women: a randomised controlled study.

This was a randomised controlled study to investigate the effect of web-based breastfeeding education given to primiparous pregnant women on postpartum breastfeeding. The study included a total of 120 primiparous pregnant women, including control group (n:60) and experimental group (n:60). The study was conducted in a district in northern Turkey.

Influence of different ethnicities on early childhood caries in preschool children at risk of social exclusion in Southeastern Spain.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of early childhood caries and to study a possible influence on different ethnicities in preschool children aged 3 to 5 with social exclusion risk.

Background: Oral diseases are a major global public health problem, with negative effects at both individual and collective levels, and there is a relationship between socioeconomic characteristics such as income, occupation and educational level, with the prevalence and severity of oral diseases.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a sample of 288 preschool children belonging to three schools in the Southeastern Spain among other variables dmft and ICDASS index.

Psychometric Testing of the Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patient Assets, Risks, and Experiences (PRAPARE) in Patients With Heart Failure and Coronary Heart Disease.

The social determinants of health (SDOH) have been recognized as an important contributor to an individual's health status. A valid and reliable instrument is needed for researchers and clinicians to measure SDOH. However, there is considerable variability in the screening methodologies, as well as a lack of standardization in definitions and methods for capturing and reporting SDOH data for both electronic health record software vendors and national experts on SDOH.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children exposed in utero to dolutegravir- or efavirenz-based ART.

Objective: To examine the impact of in utero exposure to dolutegravir (DTG)- or efavirenz (EFV)-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) on child neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes.

Design: Prospective cohort design, enrolling 3 cohorts of 2-year-olds: children HIV-negative born to mothers with HIV (CHEU) receiving either DTG-based or EFV-based 3-drug ART during pregnancy, and children born to mothers without HIV (CHUU).

Methods: Primary child ND outcomes were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) and compared between cohorts using generalized estimating equation models adjusted for confounders.

Association of Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations and postpartum mental health care utilization.

Objective: To examine the association of Massachusetts Medicaid Accountable Care Organization (ACO) implementation with changes in mental health care utilization in the postpartum period.

Study Setting And Design: We examine care for people with a birth covered by Medicaid or private insurance. We used a difference-in-differences design to compare differences before and after Medicaid ACO implementation for those with Medicaid versus those with private insurance.

Incongruent Expectations: A Qualitative Study of the Gendered Experiences of Canadian Young People.

While the early mental health of girls and boys is similar, as children age, girls tend to report worse mental health than boys. Explanations for these gendered disparities remain elusive. This study seeks to understand the social context in which mental health experiences are shaped.

The association between family resilience and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A three-level meta-analysis.

Despite numerous studies observing a positive correlation between family resilience and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, the strength of this association varied considerably in previous research. This study aims to obtain reliable estimates for effect sizes and investigate the potential moderators of the association between family resilience and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Seventeen studies (65 effect sizes, 14,511 participants) were reviewed using a systematic literature search and the PRISMA approach.

Defining Structure-Function Relationships of Amphiphilic Excipients Enables Rational Design of Ultra-Stable Biopharmaceuticals.

Biopharmaceuticals are the fastest-growing class of drugs in the healthcare industry, but their global reach is severely limited by their propensity for rapid aggregation. Currently, surfactant excipients such as polysorbates and poloxamers are used to prevent protein aggregation, which significantly extends shelf-life. Unfortunately, these excipients are themselves unstable, oxidizing rapidly into 100s of distinct compounds, some of which cause severe adverse events in patients.

Exploring food safety knowledge and practices in Lebanon.

Background: Lebanon's economic and financial crises have affected the quality-of-life, including food safety and food security.

Aim: To assess food safety knowledge and practices among a sample Lebanese population and the association with the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of participants.

Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data online from 412 Lebanese adults aged ≥ 18 years [mostly female (77.

Prevalence of child maltreatment in Albania.

Background: Child maltreatment is a global issue that significantly impacts children's lives. In 2018, 32% of 15-year-olds in Albania reported experiencing physical abuse.

Aim: To assess the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of child abuse and neglect in Albania.

The miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Transcriptomic Analysis From GEO.

Background: Bioinformatics analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expression profiles can aid in understanding its molecular mechanisms and identifying new targets for diagnosis and treatment.

Aim: In this study, we analyzed expression profile datasets and miRNA expression profiles related to HCC from the GEO using R software to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs).

Methods And Results: Common DEGs were identified, and a PPI network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software to identify hub genes.

Enhanced safety and efficacy profile of CD40 antibody upon encapsulation in pHe-triggered membrane-adhesive nanoliposomes.

Aim: To develop pH (pHe)-triggered membrane adhesive nanoliposome (pHTANL) of CD40a to enhance anti-tumor activity in pancreatic cancer while reducing systemic toxicity.

Materials And Methods: A small library of nanoliposomes (NL) with various lipid compositions were synthesized to prepare pH (pHe)-triggered membrane adhesive nanoliposome (pHTANL). Physical and functional characterization of pHTANL-CD40a was performed via dynamic light scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry.

COLOFIT: Development and Internal-External Validation of Models Using Age, Sex, Faecal Immunochemical and Blood Tests to Optimise Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Symptomatic Patients.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom and the second largest cause of cancer death.

Aim: To develop and validate a model using available information at the time of faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) in primary care to improve selection of symptomatic patients for CRC investigations.

Methods: We included all adults (≥ 18 years) referred to Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust between 2018 and 2022 with symptoms of suspected CRC who had a FIT.

Effect of exercise training on modulating the TH17/TREG imbalance in individuals with severe COPD: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induces an imbalance in T helper (Th) 17/regulatory T (Treg) cells that contributes to of the dysregulation of inflammation. Exercise training can modulate the immune response in healthy subjects.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise training on Th17/Treg responses and the differentiation of Treg phenotypes in individuals with COPD.