Accelerating biosimilar market access: the case for allowing earlier standing.

Biosimilars, which are affordable alternatives to biologic medicines, face delays in market entry due to the current patent litigation framework under the Biologic Price Competition and Innovation Act. Currently, biosimilar manufacturers can only initiate patent litigation to attempt to clear weak and invalid patents after submitting their Biologic License Application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which happens after completing extensive, and costly clinical trials. By contrast, generic drug manufacturers can start litigation earlier due to shorter development times and less stringent clinical requirements, allowing them to launch immediately after the primary patent expires.

Digital technology administrative penalties and green technology innovation: Evidence from China.

In digital economy era, digital technology is a key force to promote green technological innovation (GTI). Digital technology administrative penalties (DTAP) are an important means to regulate the development of digital technology enterprises, but its ability to effectively guide digital technology enterprises to better serve GTI remains to be further examined. DTAP sends signals to physical enterprises, financial enterprises, and individuals, thereby affecting the allocation of resources, such as technology, talent, and funds.

Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review.

Background: Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are small-molecule compounds that exert agonist and antagonist effects on androgen receptors in a tissue-specific fashion. Because of their performance-enhancing implications, SARMs are increasingly abused by athletes. To date, SARMs have no Food and Drug Administration approved use, and recent case reports associate the use of SARMs with deleterious effects such as drug-induced liver injury, myocarditis, and tendon rupture.

The impact of spillover and crossover effects of job stressors on pregnancy rates in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatments.

Purpose: Studies have shown mixed findings regarding the impact of stress on the success of fertility treatments. To the best of our knowledge, stress in the context of the workplace has not been investigated to date in relation to the success of fertility treatments. This research investigates the impact of work-related stress and emotional exhaustion experienced by both partners on in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment outcomes.

The effect of responsible leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: double mediation of gratitude and organizational identification.

Background: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a non-compulsory but beneficial behavior for effective organizational operation. OCB can be largely determined by the type of leadership style, among which responsible leadership has been attracting considerable attention in the organizational context nowadays. The objective of this study was to examine the parallel mediating effect of gratitude and organizational identification between responsible leadership and OCB among the academic staff in China.

Design and optimization of hollow microneedle spacing for three materials using finite element methods.

The main advantages of microneedles are precise drug delivery through human skin, minimal tissue damage and painlessness. We conducted structural analysis and skin puncture studies of hollow microneedles using ANSYS for three materials: Hafnium Dioxide (HfO), Polyglycolic acid (PGA) and Polylactic acid (PLA). Firstly, we selected three lengths, three tip diameters and three base diameters to conduct a L(3) orthogonal experiment.

The Mediating Role of Commercial FOMO Between Adolescents' Need to Belong and Psychological Distress: Advertising Implications on Mental Health.

The present study was designed to investigate the impact of advertising on adolescents' mental health. To achieve this, we sought to test the mediating effect of commercial fear of missing out (FOMO) related to gadgets and clothing items on the relationship between the need to belong and psychological distress. The research was conducted on a sample of 335 Romanian adolescents (54.

How do multi-faceted environmental policies enhance the production efficiency of enterprises?-Mechanisms discovery based on machine learning algorithms.

Carbon neutrality has gained considerable attention globally, and the impact of environmental policy on businesses has been extensively studied. However, the mechanism through which environmental policy affects production efficiency within the enterprise remains unclear. The objectives of this paper are: 1.

AI-driven participatory environmental management: Innovations, applications, and future prospects.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented opportunities for participatory environmental management. This paper explores the integration of AI technologies into participatory approaches, which engage diverse stakeholders in environmental decision-making processes. Using artificial intelligence, a corpus of 80 papers was compiled and subsequently analyzed with text mining tools.

Do renewable energy policies exacerbate corporate information uncertainty?

This study analyzes the impact of state-level renewable energy policies and incentives on the corporate information environment in the US. It considers these renewable energy policies and incentives as exogenous measures of firm-level renewable energy exposure. The findings indicate that such policies and incentives significantly increase firms' adoption of renewable energy, confirming their suitability as proxies for external shocks.

Geographic variation of recorded neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adults.

Introduction: While diagnosis rates of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) vary within countries at a large-scale municipal level, small neighbourhood geographic variation remains understudied. In this nationwide study, we describe the rates of ASD and ADHD diagnoses in children and adults by geographical data zones of approximately 2,500 residents across Denmark.

Methods: We included a population of children born from 1993 through 2020 and an adult population born from 1977 through 2003.

The impact of perceived value, customer expectations, and patient experience on the satisfaction of contracted patients in hospitals.

Background: There is a growing focus on researching healthcare services to identify factors associated with satisfaction in family contract services in China. However, previous satisfaction studies have mainly focused on the primary healthcare. Currently, the primary healthcare service capacity in China is relatively insufficient, necessitating the involvement of upper-level hospitals in contracted services Thus, the study significantly deepens and broadens previous research on satisfaction in family contract services of hospital.

A novel approach for agricultural carbon emission reduction by integrating fermatean neutrosophic set with WINGS and AHP-EWM.

Agriculture is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for effective carbon reduction strategies. This study presents an innovative integrated model that employs Fermatean Neutrosophic Set in conjunction with the Weighted Influence Nonlinear Gauge System and the Analytic Hierarchy Process combined with the Entropy Weight Method to assess key factors influencing agricultural carbon reduction. Our study delineates the hierarchical importance of factors influencing carbon emissions, with carbon emission reduction policy (τ4) emerging as the paramount factor, attributed a value of 0.

Identification model of mine water inrush source based on XGBoost and SHAP.

This study focuses on the construction and interpretation of a mine water inrush source identification model to enhance the precision and credibility of the model. For water inrush source identification and feature analysis, a novel method combining XGBoost and SHAP is suggested. The model uses Ca, Mg, K + Na, HCO, Cl, SO, Hardness, and pH as discriminators, and the key parameters in the XGBoost model are optimized by introducing the improved sparrow search algorithm.

Unveiling chemical industry secrets: Insights gleaned from scientific literatures that examine internal chemical corporate documents-A scoping review.

Objective: Examine peer-reviewed scientific articles that used internal industry documents in the chemical sector to reveal corporate influence. Summarize sources of internal documents used in prior scientific papers to identify ongoing corporate strategies within the chemical field. Compare the corporate strategies identified in the chemical sector with the ones identified already identified in the pharmaceutical sector.

Revitalizing tetanus vaccine literacy post road accidents: a comprehensive examination of knowledge and awareness initiative among non-medical university students in Lahore, Pakistan.

Introduction: Tetanus, caused by , poses a life-threatening risk by affecting the nervous system and inducing muscle tightness. The objective of this study is to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of non-medical university students regarding the tetanus vaccine in the context of post-road accidents.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023, involving 378 students from non-medical disciplines, primarily from information technology, business administration, and engineering faculties, with a mean age of 20.

Leveraging plant-derived nanovesicles for advanced nucleic acid-based gene therapy.

Gene therapy has evolved into a pivotal approach for treating genetic disorders, extending beyond traditional methods of directly repairing or replacing defective genes. Recent advancements in nucleic acid-based therapies-including mRNA, miRNA, siRNA, and DNA treatments have expanded the scope of gene therapy to include strategies that modulate protein expression and deliver functional genetic material without altering the genetic sequence itself. This review focuses on the innovative use of plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) as a promising delivery system for these nucleic acids.

Meaningful organizational routines in primary healthcare: influencing factors and their consequences for routine enactment.

Purpose: Based on the well-known risks associated with deviating from established routines in primary healthcare and the positive consequences of upholding them, the purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the role of meaningfulness in the enactment of organizational routines.

Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on 24 semi-structured interviews with three different professional categories in primary healthcare in Sweden. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis on a latent level, combined with a two-factor model as sensitizing concepts.

Analysis of recent changes in treatment options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma using data from a highly comprehensive Japanese national database: Impact of advances in systemic therapy and minimally invasive surgery.

In 2011, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare started providing data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB) for research purposes. The NDB is an exhaustive and valuable database for health policymaking and research. It provides an accurate and most recent visualization of the burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan.

Talent management intervention towards performance outcomes of Jordanian telecommunication companies: mediating role of perceived organizational support.

Background: Grounding on the Resource-Based View (RBV) and organization support theory (OST), this study examines the effect of talent management practice (TMP) on perceived organizational support (POS), organizational performance (OP), and employee performance (EP) within the Jordanian telecom sector, with a specific focus on the mediating effect of POS's between TMP-EP and OP relationship.

Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional method to collect data from 397 personnel at three Jordanian telecom enterprises. The Smart-PLS application assisted with structural equation modeling, which was used to examine the data.

Dynamic analysis and optimal control of competitive information dissemination model.

Information dissemination is vital to human production and life. Identifying and analyzing the modes and mechanisms of information dissemination under different conditions is conducive to playing the role of positive information and reducing the impact of negative information. Considering that multiple pieces of information coexist and conflict with each other, in this paper, a competitive information dissemination model is established and the proposed system is analyzed.

Soybean mitogen-activated protein kinase GmMPK6 enhances drought tolerance.

Soybeans are a critical crop that provides both protein and oil. In response to environmental stresses, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) play a key role in transmitting stress signals to the nucleus to initiate stress-responsive actions. Drought stress reduces plant development and productivity but the specific MPK responsible for drought stress responses has not been previously identified.

Threads of Care: Unraveling the Impact of Agency Nursing Staff on Nursing Home Quality.

Objective: To assess the association of agency nursing staff utilization with nursing home (NH) quality.

Background: Nursing staff are the primary caregivers in NHs, where high-quality care is contingent upon their adequacy and expertise. Long-standing staffing challenges, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, have led NHs to rely on agency/contract labor to alleviate staffing shortages.