Signaling benefits of partner choice decisions.

When deciding whom to choose for a cooperative interaction, two features of prospective partners are especially relevant: ability to provide benefits, and willingness to provide those benefits. Often, these traits are correlated. But, when ability and willingness are in conflict, people often indicate that they value willingness over ability, even when doing so results in immediate losses.

Delayed reaction towards emerging COVID-19 variants of concern: Does history repeat itself?

After more than a year with COVID-19, it becomes increasingly clear that certain variants of concern have the potential to be game changers, determining the future of our aviation. These variants pose significant health threats and possibly undermine ongoing vaccination efforts. Recent research showed that flight bans on the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in January 2020 were implemented too late and therefore, turned out to be largely ineffective, enabling a swift turn into a fully-blown pandemic.

COVID-19 and bailout policy: The case of Virgin Australia.

The impact of COVID-19 on air transport is unprecedented and some well-known airline brands may disappear as a result. Governments around the world have responded swiftly to cushion the financial impact by offering direct wage subsidies, tax relief, loans, etc. This paper explores the government's appropriate responses to failing airlines' bailout request by examining the case of Virgin Australia.

Vaccination passports: Challenges for a future of air transportation.

COVID-19 has been a major setback for air transportation; many airlines had to request for bailouts and the international flights connectivity is only restarting slowly. Accordingly, many aviation stakeholders put hopes into the ongoing process of vaccination, with the expectation that a high degree of vaccination will push the envelope for a return to normalcy. One prerequisite for reviving international air connectivity is the introduction of verification documents, also called "vaccination passports".

Pandemic waves and the time after Covid-19 - Consequences for the transport sector.

This paper discusses the dual role of the transport sector in the Covid-19 pandemic: spreading the virus around the world and being most negatively impacted by the pandemic. This paper describes and analyzes the following: (a) actions taken by the governments and international community in order to control the spreading and to alleviate negative economic impacts including massive fiscal and monetary stimulus funding; (b) detailed discussions on the impacts of the pandemic on air transport, rail and bus transport, and urban transit, and major countries' responses to reduce the negative effects; (c) discussions on the positive effects of the pandemic on the environment and climate change by suggesting policy measures in order to make it sustainable over the long term. Finally, the paper addresses social acceptance issue of the behavioral changes necessary in the post-pandemic world, in particular reflecting historical experience of the Spanish flu case.

Technological and educational challenges towards pandemic-resilient aviation.

While COVID-19 has devastating effects on aviation, several recent studies have highlighted the potential of the pandemic-induced break for rethinking air transportation, hopefully orchestrating changes towards the construction of a more pandemic-resilient aviation system. Here, pandemic-resilient means that aviation stakeholders can sustain the impact of an epidemic or pandemic outbreak through a more informed reallocation of their resources and more collaborative decision making, while being able to minimize the impacts of external events. Our study contributes to the literature by discussing the challenges associated with technological innovation and education of aviation professionals, on the way towards pandemic-resilient aviation.

COVID-19 impacts on general aviation - Comparative experiences, governmental responses and policy imperatives.

This article catalogues experiences of the general aviation sector as it progressively encountered the challenges of COVID-19 in the early part of 2020. The article focuses primarily on the Australian marketplace as a contribution to the body of knowledge in an under-researched industry sector. The article draws on literature pertaining to prior pandemic experience to enquire about the level of precursory preparedness in the sector, and then utilises data from 12 semi-structured interviews with experienced industry participants locally and internationally.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Virtual Reality in Awake Minor Pediatric Plastic Surgery Procedures.

Background: Virtual reality has been used to alleviate pain and anxiety in a variety of medical procedures. The authors sought to explore the effects of virtual reality in common awake minor plastic surgery procedures where children may experience discomfort.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial compared virtual reality to standard-of-care distraction among children aged 6 to 16 years undergoing awake minor plastic surgery procedures at a quaternary children's hospital.

Has the incidence of total joint arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis decreased in the era of biologics use? A population-based cohort study.

Objectives: To determine whether the introduction of biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) was associated with reduced incidences of total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) among patients with RA compared with OA.

Methods: Using a population-based cohort in British Columbia, Canada, RA and OA patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2007 were divided into semi-annual cohorts according to diagnosis date. For each cohort, we calculated 8-year incidence rates of THA and TKA.

Baby fever: Situational cues shift the desire to have children via empathic emotions.

The desire to have children is often regarded as a deep, biologically driven desire or a rational decision based on weighing costs and benefits. Based on these assumptions, many people believe that the desire to have children is unchanging. However, the studies presented here indicate that the desire to have children is readily shifted by subtle situational cues, such as advertisements and social media feeds depicting positive images of parents and children.

Hot, cold, or both? A person-centered perspective on death awareness during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic-as an omnipresent mortality cue-heightens employees' awareness of their mortality and vulnerability. Extant research has identified two distinct forms of death awareness: death anxiety and death reflection. Because researchers have exclusively examined death anxiety and death reflection as independent and unique variables across individuals while overlooking their interplay and co-existence within individuals, we know little about whether and why employees can have different combined experiences of two forms of death awareness over a certain period of time (e.

Through-and-Through Dissection of the Soft Palate for Pharyngeal Flap Inset: A "Good-Fast-Cheap" Technique for Any Etiology of Velopharyngeal Incompetence.

Objective: To determine the efficacy and resource utilization of through-and-through dissection of the soft palate for pharyngeal flap inset for velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) of any indication.

Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Tertiary care center.

Shifting consumer behavior to address climate change.

We review recent articles on how to change consumer behavior in ways that improve climate impacts, with a special focus on those articles using experimental interventions and measuring actual behaviors. We organize the findings using the SHIFT framework to categorize behavior change strategies based on five psychological factors: Social influence (e.g.

Influence of transportation network on transmission heterogeneity of COVID-19 in China.

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to model spatial heterogeneity for epidemic spreading, which combines the relevance of transport proximity in human movement and the excellent estimation accuracy of deep neural network. We apply this model to investigate the effects of various transportation networks on the heterogeneous propagation of COVID-19 in China. We further apply it to predict the development of COVID-19 in China in two scenarios, i.

Health Economists on Involving Patients in Modeling: Potential Benefits, Harms, and Variables of Interest.

Background: Patient involvement in health economics modeling has been advocated on numerous grounds, including as a way to better manage social and ethical value judgments in the modeling process. However, some have pointed to potential risks and variables that could influence the overall benefit of involvement. To inform future research, there is a need to generate knowledge on potential benefits, harms, and variables relevant to patient involvement in health economics modeling.

COVID-19 pandemic and air transportation: Successfully navigating the paper hurricane.

This paper aims to analyze and understand the impact of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) on aviation and also the role aviation played in the spread of COVID-19, by reviewing the recent scientific literature. We have collected 110 papers on the subject published in the year 2020 and grouped them according to their major application domain, leading to the following categories: Analysis of the global air transportation system during COVID-19, the impacts on the passenger-centric flight experience, and the long-term impacts on broad aviation. Based on the aggregated reported findings in the literature, this paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future scientific directions; hopefully helping aviation to prepare for a post-COVID-19 world.

Assessing regional risk of COVID-19 infection from Wuhan via high-speed rail.

This paper demonstrates that transportation networks may be used to assess and predict the regional risk of COVID-19 infection from the outbreak. We use China's high-speed rail (HSR) network at the scale of prefecture level to assess, based on a probabilistic risk model, the risk of COVID-19 infection from Wuhan to the country's 31 province-level regions at the early stage of domestic spread. We find that the high-risk regions are mainly distributed along the southern half of Beijing-Hong Kong HSR line, where a large number of infection cases have been confirmed at the early stage.

A Realist Review of Violence Prevention Education in Healthcare.

Violence from patients and visitors towards healthcare workers is an international concern affecting the safety and health of workers, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. Although the predominant intervention has been violence prevention (VP) education for healthcare workers, evaluating its effectiveness is challenging due to underreporting of violence and the inherent complexity of both violence and the health care environment. This review utilized a theory-driven, realist approach to synthesize and analyze a wide range of academic and grey literature to identify explanations of how and why VP education makes a difference in preventing violence and associated physical and psychological injury to workers.

On the degree of synchronization between air transport connectivity and COVID-19 cases at worldwide level.

COVID-19 is one of the most impactful pandemics in recent history, not only in terms of direct casualties but also regarding socio-economic impact. The goal of our study is to investigate the degree of synchronization between the number of confirmed cases in specific countries, on one hand, and how/at which stage these countries adapted their air transportation operations, on the other hand. We investigate the global air transportation system as a network of countries whose edges represent the existence of direct flights.

Recalcitrant Anaphylaxis Associated with Fibrin Sealant: Treatment with "TISSEEL-ectomy".

Here, we present the case of an adolescent male who developed a severe allergic reaction 10 minutes after application of TISSEEL fibrin sealant to control bleeding during a gynecomastia revision surgery. Conventional treatments of acute hypersensitivity were ineffective. After a "tisseel-ectomy," the patient's condition improved and symptoms resolved.

Gambling disorder is associated with reduced sensitivity to expected value during risky choice.

Background And Aims: Individuals with gambling disorder display increased levels of risk-taking, but it is not known if it is associated with an altered subjective valuation of gains and/or losses, perception of their probabilities, or integration of these sources of information into expected value.

Methods: Participants with gambling disorder (n = 48) were compared with a healthy comparison group (n = 35) on a two-choice lottery task that involved either gains-only or losses-only gambles. On each trial, two lotteries were displayed, showing the associated probability and magnitude of the possible outcome for each.