Differential diagnosis between multiple sclerosis and leukodystrophies - A scoping review.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by damage to the myelin sheaths of oligodendrocytes. Currently, there is no specific biomarker to identify the disease; however, a diagnostic criterion has been established based on patient's clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics, which assists in identifying this condition. The primary method for diagnosing MS is the McDonald criteria, first described in 2001 and revised in the years 2005, 2012, and 2017.

Global Differences in Risk Factors, Etiology, and Outcome of Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults-A Worldwide Meta-analysis: The GOAL Initiative.

Background And Objectives: There is a worldwide increase in the incidence of stroke in young adults, with major regional and ethnic differences. Advancing knowledge of ethnic and regional variation in causes and outcomes will be beneficial in implementation of regional health care services. We studied the global distribution of risk factors, causes, and 3-month mortality of young patients with ischemic stroke, by performing a patient data meta-analysis from different cohorts worldwide.

The reliability of the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System in children: an international validation study.

Purpose: To evaluate the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System and if it is reliable and reproducible when applied to the paediatric population globally.

Methods: A total of 12 paediatric orthopaedic surgeons were asked to review MRI and CT imaging of 25 paediatric patients with thoracolumbar spine traumatic injuries, in order to determine the classification of the lesions observed. The evaluators classified injuries into primary categories: A, B and C.

Does prolonged walking cause greater muscle fatigability in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury compared with matched-controls?

Background: Individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) might show muscle fatigability during walking, primarily over long distances. The cause can be related to the motor impairment and walking compensations identified in this population. However, evidence on the occurrence of muscle fatigability after prolonged walking in individuals with iSCI is conflicting.

Global Outcome Assessment Life-long after stroke in young adults initiative-the GOAL initiative: study protocol and rationale of a multicentre retrospective individual patient data meta-analysis.

Introduction: Worldwide, 2 million patients aged 18-50 years suffer a stroke each year, and this number is increasing. Knowledge about global distribution of risk factors and aetiologies, and information about prognosis and optimal secondary prevention in young stroke patients are limited. This limits evidence-based treatment and hampers the provision of appropriate information regarding the causes of stroke, risk factors and prognosis of young stroke patients.

Embryological and comparative description of the cephalic vein joining the external jugular vein: A case report.

The cephalic vein arises from the radial end of the dorsal venous arch. It turns around the radial border of the forearm and passes proximally along the arm to the shoulder, where it enters the axillary vein by penetrating the clavipectoral triangle. The cephalic vein is prone to vary at the antecubital fossa, where it forms numerous anastomoses.

Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults: Profile of SARAH Hospital Brasília From 2008 to 2012.

Introduction: The societal and economic impact of ischemic stroke in young adults is considerable. The etiological investigation of ischemic stroke in this population is also challenging.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of young patients with ischemic stroke admitted to a neurological rehabilitation program in Brazil.

Differing Connectivity of Exner's Area for Numbers and Letters.

There is a growing body of evidence indicating a crucial role of Exner's area in (hand-) writing symbolic codes such as letters and words. However, a recent study reported a patient with a lesion affecting Broca's and Exner's area, who suffered from severe peripheral agraphia for letters but not for Arabic digits. The authors suggested a speculative account postulating differential connectivity of Exner's area for numbers and letters in order to explain this dissociation.

Literacy breaks mirror invariance for visual stimuli: a behavioral study with adult illiterates.

The ability to recognize 2 mirror images as the same picture across left-right inversions exists early on in humans and other primates. In order to learn to read, however, one must discriminate the left-right orientation of letters and distinguish, for instance, b from d. We therefore reasoned that literacy may entail a loss of mirror invariance.

Investigation into neurogenic bladder in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

Objective: During the follow-up of children who had been diagnosed with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), it was noted that some were experiencing dysfunctional voiding. Further investigation into these cases led to a diagnosis of neurogenic bladder. Few studies have investigated the relationship between AMC and neurogenic bladder, this being the first to describe the clinical characteristics of neurogenic bladder among these patients.

Imaging features of chronic expanding hematoma in the soft tissues of the hand simulating an aggressive lesion: case report.

A chronic expanding hematoma can persist and increase in volume for more than 1 month after the first hemorrhage. It is rare, uncommon in the hand, little known among physicians, and an imitator of malignancy. Our purpose was to report a case of this condition in the soft tissues of an 8-year-old girl's hand that simulated an aggressive lesion, and to conduct a review on this subject.

Chronic diploic hematoma mimicking malignancy on imaging.

We present a case of an expansile diploic lesion involving the parietal bones in a 45-year-old man. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography were performed. The imaging findings strongly suggested the diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm.

Psychometric properties of the SCOPA-AUT Brazilian Portuguese version.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic questionnaire (SCOPA-AUT) Brazilian Portuguese version. 150 consecutive Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were evaluated by means of the SCOPA-motor scale (SCOPA-M), SCOPA-cognition (SCOPA-COG), Hoehn and Yahr staging (H&Y), nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS), PD questionnaire (PDQ-39), and SCOPA-AUT. The following psychometric attributes were explored: acceptability, scaling assumptions, reliability, precision, and construct validity.

Burden and perceived health status among caregivers of stroke patients.

Objective: To identify the main determinants of burden and perceived health status in caregivers of Brazilian stroke survivors.

Methods: Cross-sectional study. Caregivers answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Zarit caregiver burden interview (ZCBI) and EuroQol.

Self- and proxy-report agreement on the Stroke Impact Scale.

Background And Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine proxy-patient agreement on the domains of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), as per the proxy-proxy perspective.

Methods: Stroke patients were prospectively assessed by means of the NIH Stroke Scale, Barthel index, and modified Rankin scale. Proxies and patients answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the SIS 3.

Poststroke depression: prevalence and determinants in Brazilian stroke patients.

Background: Poststroke depression (PSD) is one of the most important long-term adverse psychosocial consequences in stroke survivors. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of PSD in Brazilian stroke patients and identify significant associated factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of stroke patients consecutively admitted for rehabilitation was conducted.

Chronic spinal epidural abscess caused by Scedosporium prolificans in an immunocompetent patient.

Study Design: Case report and clinical discussion.

Objective: To describe a rare case of chronic spinal epidural abscess caused by Scedosporium prolificans in an immunocompetent patient.

Summary Of Background Data: S.

Determinants of quality of life in Brazilian stroke survivors.

Objective: To identify the main determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Brazilian stroke survivors.

Methods: Patients were assessed with the NIH Stroke Scale, Barthel index (BI), Lawton scale, modified-Rankin scale, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics, Mini-Mental State Examination, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0.

Quality of life after stroke: the importance of a good recovery.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a recognized and important outcome after stroke. An increased survival and the presence of moderate impairment in long-term stroke survivors impact their HRQoL.

Methods: HRQoL measures and HRQoL determinants in stroke survivors are reviewed.

Disability and use of healthcare resources in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease.

Purpose: To assess disability and healthcare resource use in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 144 Brazilian PD patients consecutively admitted at a Neurological outpatient clinic. Clinical evaluation was done using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn & Yahr staging (H&Y).

The stroke impact scale 3.0: evaluation of acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Brazilian version.

Background And Purpose: We sought to assess the psychometric attributes of the Brazilian version of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0 in stroke survivors.

Methods: Patients were evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.