Executive summary: Clinical practice guidelines on the management of resistant tuberculosis of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) and the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC).

The Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) and the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) have developed together Clinical Practice Guidelines (GPC) on the management of people affected by tuberculosis (TB) resistant to drugs with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These clinical practice guidelines include the latest updates of the SEPAR regulations for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant TB from 2017 to 2020 as the starting point. The methodology included asking relevant clinical questions based on PICO methodology, a literature search focusing on each question, and a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of the evidence, with a summary of this evidence for each question.

Smoking-related interstitial lung disease: A narrative review.

Although smoking-related interstitial lung diseases (SR-ILD) are a relatively rare group of entities, they are a relevant public health problem of growing importance, both because they affect young adults and because of their increasing prevalence in recent years due to increased tobacco consumption. In patients who smoke and have non-specific respiratory symptoms, SR-ILD should be ruled out, a term that encompasses a group of different entities in which the basis for diagnosis is the smoking history together with compatible respiratory functional findings, radiology and/or histology. An association has been established between tobacco smoke and a group of diseases that include respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (2%-3% of all ILD), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (<1%), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (3%-5%) and acute eosinophilic pneumonia.

Simultaneous Detection of Collagen I Alpha II and Cytokeratin 19 mRNA by Multiplex qPCR in Liquid Biopsy in Diagnosis of Patients with Resectable Solid Tumors.

The early detection of tumors is one of the key factors in increasing overall survival in cancer patients. A wide range of cancers still do not have a system of early diagnosis; therefore, the development of new non-invasive tools in this line is essential. Accordingly, the objective of our work was to develop a non-invasive screening method for the early detection of various carcinomas in plasma using a panel that combines two markers using RT-qPCR.

Regeneration of periodontal intrabony defects using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

One of the most promising approaches to correct periodontal bone defects and achieve periodontal regeneration is platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the regeneration of periodontal bone defects using PRF compared to other regenerative treatments. The data search and retrieval process followed the PRISMA guidelines.

Ferritin heavy chain supports stability and function of the regulatory T cell lineage.

Regulatory T (TREG) cells develop via a program orchestrated by the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3). Maintenance of the TREG cell lineage relies on sustained FOXP3 transcription via a mechanism involving demethylation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)-rich elements at conserved non-coding sequences (CNS) in the FOXP3 locus. This cytosine demethylation is catalyzed by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases, and it involves a redox reaction that uses iron (Fe) as an essential cofactor.

Antiobesity effects of intestinal gluconeogenesis are mediated by the brown adipose tissue sympathetic nervous system.

Objective: Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN), via the initiation of a gut-brain nervous circuit, accounts for the metabolic benefits linked to dietary proteins or fermentable fiber in rodents and has been positively correlated with the rapid amelioration of body weight after gastric bypass surgery in humans with obesity. In particular, the activation of IGN moderates the development of hepatic steatosis accompanying obesity. In this study, we investigated the specific effects of IGN on adipose tissue metabolism, independent of its induction by nutritional manipulation.

Economic Burden Associated with the Treatment with a Cardiovascular Polypill in Secondary Prevention in Spain: Cost-Effectiveness Results of the NEPTUNO Study.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to estimate health-care resources utilization, costs and cost-effectiveness associated with the treatment with CNIC-Polypill as secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared to other treatments, in clinical practice in Spain.

Patients And Methods: An observational, retrospective study was performed using medical records (economic results [healthcare perspective], NEPTUNO-study; BIG-PAC-database) of patients who initiated secondary prevention between 2015 and 2018. Patients were followed up to 2 years (maximum).

Molecular autopsy: Twenty years of post-mortem diagnosis in sudden cardiac death.

In the forensic medicine field, molecular autopsy is the post-mortem genetic analysis performed to attempt to unravel the cause of decease in cases remaining unexplained after a comprehensive forensic autopsy. This negative autopsy, classified as negative or non-conclusive, usually occurs in young population. In these cases, in which the cause of death is unascertained after a thorough autopsy, an underlying inherited arrhythmogenic syndrome is the main suspected cause of death.

Expression of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Markers in Plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles as a Diagnostic Tool for Neoplastic Processes.

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TD-EVs) have active roles as cancer hallmark enablers. EVs RNA of epithelial and stromal cells carry information that facilitates the communication processes that contribute to oncological progression, so the objective of this work was to validate by RT-PCR the presence of epithelial (; ) and stromal (; ) markers in RNA of plasmatic EVs in healthy and diverse-malignancy patients for the development of a non-invasive cancer diagnosis system using liquid biopsy. Ten asymptomatic controls and 20 cancer patients were included in the study, and results showed that the isolated plasmatic EVs by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) andBiomedical Research Institute A Coruña nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) contained most exosome structures with also a considerable percentage of microvesicles.

A cross-country study on the impact of governmental responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health.

This study aimed to analyse the role of governmental responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, measured by the Containment and Health Index (CHI), on symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy and postpartum, while considering the countries' Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and individual factors such as age, gravidity, and exposure to COVID-19. A cross-sectional study using baseline data from the Riseup-PPD-COVID-19 observational prospective international study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04595123) was carried out between June and October 2020 in 12 countries (Albania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom).

Detection of the Copy Number Variants of Genes in Patients with Familial Cardiac Diseases by Massively Parallel Sequencing.

Introduction: The implication of copy number variations in familial heart disease is known, although in-depth knowledge is lacking; hence, more studies are needed to further our understanding. Massively parallel sequencing, thanks to its recent surge in use, is emerging as a valid tool for the detection of this type of variant, through the use of appropriate software.

Methods: We conducted a study with 182 patients diagnosed with mendelian cardiovascular diseases who underwent sequencing using a cardiac gene panel and then a specific calling process for copy number variations (CNVs) with ExomeDepth software, which provides us with a Bayes factor (BF), a score of the probability that a CNV detected is true.

Pulmonary Manifestations of Primary Humoral Deficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of conditions characterized by developmental or functional alterations in the immune system caused by hereditary genetic defects. Primary immunodeficiencies may affect either the innate or the adaptive (humoral and cellular) immune system. Pulmonary complications in primary humoral deficiencies are frequent and varied and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.

Searching for genetic modulators of the phenotypic heterogeneity in Brugada syndrome.

In Brugada syndrome, even within the same family where all affected individuals share the same mutation, phenotypic variation is prominent, with variable penetrance and expressivity, presenting different degrees of involvement. It is difficult to establish a direct correlation between genotype and phenotype to predict prognosis in complications and risk of sudden death. The factors that modulate this inter- and intra-familial phenotypic variability remain to be determined.

[Increase of serum cyclophilin C levels in the follow-up of coronary artery disease: A biomarker and possible clinical predictor].

Objective: This study is aimed at investigating the changes in serum CypC levels and their relationship with cardiovascular events at 12 months of follow-up in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

Methods: The study included a total of 125 subjects (40 patients with acute CAD, 40 patients with chronic CAD, and 45 control volunteers) and we analyzed plasma CypC levels from baseline to 6 and 12 months for a better understanding of its behavior in atherosclerosis.

Results: Serum CypC levels were shown to be gradually increased in CAD patients (30.

Gastrointestinal mucosal damage in patients with COVID-19 undergoing endoscopy: an international multicentre study.

Background: Although evidence suggests frequent gastrointestinal (GI) involvement during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), endoscopic findings are scarcely reported.

Aims: We aimed at registering endoscopic abnormalities and potentially associated risk factors among patients with COVID-19.

Methods: All consecutive patients with COVID-19 undergoing endoscopy in 16 institutions from high-prevalence regions were enrolled.

Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health (Riseup-PPD-COVID-19): protocol for an international prospective cohort study.

Background: Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a new pandemic, declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization, which could have negative consequences for pregnant and postpartum women. The scarce evidence published to date suggests that perinatal mental health has deteriorated since the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the few studies published so far have some limitations, such as a cross-sectional design and the omission of important factors for the understanding of perinatal mental health, including governmental restriction measures and healthcare practices implemented at the maternity hospitals.

Efficacy of different formulations of nystatin in an experimental model of oral candidiasis in sialoadenectomized rats.

Background/purpose: Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity and has become a focus of attention in recent years because of its association with highly topical immunosuppressive conditions. The aims of this study were to determine the value of microbiological, clinical and histological parameters of colonisation of the dorsal tongue surface as indicators of disease severity, and to evaluate therapeutic response to different formulations of nystatin.

Materials And Methods: We used 84 males, 2-month-old Sprague-Dawley sialoadenectomized rats.

Functional role of Tet-mediated RNA hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation.

Tet-enzyme-mediated 5-hydroxymethylation of cytosines in DNA plays a crucial role in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In RNA also, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has recently been evidenced, but its physiological roles are still largely unknown. Here we show the contribution and function of this mark in mouse ESCs and differentiating embryoid bodies.

SARS-CoV-2 as a Factor to Disbalance the Renin-Angiotensin System: A Suspect in the Case of Exacerbated IL-6 Production.

Fever in infections correlates with inflammation, macrophage infiltration into the affected organ, macrophage activation, and release of cytokines involved in immune response, hematopoiesis, and homeostatic processes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the canonical cell surface receptor for SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 together with angiotensin receptor types 1 and 2 and ACE2 are components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).

Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: Associated factors.

Introduction: Determining the risk of recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is challenging. The objective of this study was to develop a risk assessment model to predict the probability of recurrence in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed of all episodes of pneumothorax diagnosed in the last 12 years in a hospital, in patients not initially submitted to surgery.

DUX-miR-344-ZMYM2-Mediated Activation of MERVL LTRs Induces a Totipotent 2C-like State.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) sporadically express preimplantation two-cell-stage (2C) transcripts, including MERVL endogenous retrovirus and Zscan4 cluster genes. Such 2C-like cells (2CLCs) can contribute to both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues when reintroduced into early embryos, although the molecular mechanism underlying such an expanded 2CLC potency remains elusive. We examine global nucleosome occupancy and gene expression in 2CLCs and identified miR-344 as the noncoding molecule that positively controls 2CLC potency.